21 research outputs found
Using a mixture of cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal to replace alfalfa hay in diets for stressed feeder calves
One 28-day receiving experiment was
conducted using 625 exotic Ă— British cross
heifers to evaluate growth performance and
morbidity on receiving diets that contained
either alfalfa hay or a pellet composed of
65% cottonseed hulls and 35% cottonseed
meal as the roughage source. Heifers fed the
cotton byproduct pellet consumed more feed
(P<0.01) but tended to be less efficient than
those fed alfalfa hay. Daily gain was comparable
between diets (P>0.05), and the percentages
of heifers diagnosed, treated, or
retreated for respiratory disease were similar
Evaluation of Ralgro® on pasture and subsequent feedlot performance and carcass merit of mexican crossbred steers
A pasture/feedlot field study was conducted
to evaluate the effects of a single
Ralgro® implant during the stocker phase on
steer grazing performance and subsequent
feedlot performance and carcass merit. A
total of 2,764 steers of Mexican origin averaging
449 lb were assembled in Texas and
shipped to Kansas, where they grazed on
three intensively-early-stocked Flint Hills
pastures. At initial processing, the steers
were individually weighed and randomly
assigned to either a non-implanted control
group or a Ralgro implant group. Ralgro
steers gained more (23 lb; P<0.01) than
controls during the 82- to 93-day grazing
phase. Following the grazing phase, all steers
were shipped to a commercial feedlot in
southwestern Kansas where steers from each
pasture were individually weighed and given
a single Component E-S® implant. Immediately
after processing, steers from each
pasture were sorted into either a light- or
heavy-weight pen, regardless of pasture
implant treatment, resulting in six feedlot
pens. Days on feed ranged from 127 to 197.
Control steers gained faster (P<0.01) during
the feedlot phase; however, Ralgro steers had
higher cumulative weight gains across the
combined pasture and feedlot phases
(P<0.01) and averaged three fewer days on
feed (P<0.05). There were no significant
differences for marbling, fat thickness, ribeye
area, KPH fat, or yield grade. Ralgro
steers had lower (P<0.05) quality grades
because of a higher incidence (P<0.001) of
steers with B and C carcass maturities
Refractive index: a rapid method for determination of starch availability in grains
Steam-flaked corn samples were used in a
series of experiments to determine if refractive
index could be used as a rapid, inexpensive
method to predict starch availability. Results
were best when samples were incubated for 15
min with 500 to 600 active units of enzyme/gm
of grain prior to measuring on a hand-held
refractometer. Correlations to starch availability
determined from gas production by a commercial
lab were R=.64 for whole flakes and R=.79
when samples were ground. Samples of corn
flaked to different densities produced estimates
of solubility similar to an in situ dry matter disappearance
assay (R2 = .84, P < .01). Furthermore,
refractive index yielded estimates of
starch solubility that were well related to a
commercial lab’s measures of glucose release
for samples of flaked corn that were stored for
0 to 48 hours subsequent to flaking
Effects of grain processing and lipid addition to finishing diets on cattle performance and blood constituents
Experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of grain processing and lipid source on finishing cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma concentrations of glucose, urea, and α-amino nitrogen (amino acids). Eighty yearling Hereford x Angus steers (847 lb) were fed diets containing either steam-flaked corn or dry-rolled corn, both fed with and without 4% added tallow. In a fifth diet, ground flaxseed (equivalent to 4% lipids) replaced a portion of steam-flaked corn. Diets were fed once daily for 85 days. As expected, cattle fed steam-flaked corn were more efficient than steers fed dry-rolled corn. Adding tallow had little effect on performance. Including flaxseed resulted in performance similar to that with tallow addition. Plasma glucose concentrations measured 2 hours after feeding were higher for steers fed steam-flaked corn than for steers fed dry-rolled corn, and were higher for cattle fed tallow than for those fed no supplemental fat. Steers fed the flax/steam-flaked corn combination had lower plasma glucose concentrations 2 hours after feeding than those fed steam flaked corn with added
tallow (P<0.05). Steam flaking corn increased performance and elevated glucose
concentrations compared to dry rolling,
suggesting that increasing the ruminal
degradable starch allowed for a greater supply of substrates for gluconeogenesis. Adding flaxseed resulted in lower levels of plasma glucose after feeding, compared to tallow
Alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed levels in steam-flaked corn finishing diets
A 153-day finishing experiment was
conducted using 631 heifers to determine
optimum alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten
feed (WCGF) combinations in steam-flaked,
corn-based diets. Diets contained either 2 or
6% alfalfa hay and 25, 35, or 45% WCGF
(dry basis). Performance was similar
(P>0.16) for cattle fed 2 or 6% alfalfa hay.
Gain efficiencies (P<0.05) and fat thickness
(P<0.10) declined linearly with increasing
amounts of WCGF. For heifers fed 2%
alfalfa hay, ribeye area increased with increasing
dietary WCGF. However for heifers
fed 6% alfalfa hay, ribeye area decreased
with increasing dietary WCGF. Liver abscesses
were lowest for heifers fed 35%
WCGF. Alfalfa hay fed at 2% of diet dry
matter is sufficient for steam-flaked corn
diets containing 25, 35 or 45% WCGF
Increasing levels of Rumensin® in limit-fed, high energy, growing diets for beef steers and effects on subsequent finishing performance
One hundred sixty-four crossbred beef
steers were used to determine optimal Rumensin
® concentrations in limit-fed, high-energy,
growing diets. Diets contained 30, 40, or 50
grams of Rumensin per ton of dry matter (R30,
R40, and R50). Average daily gain and feed
efficiency during the growing phase were not
different (P>.80) among treatments. Steers that
received R50 in the growing phase had the
highest average daily gains during the finishing
phase (P<.05). This resulted in heavier carcass
weights for R50 than R30 (P<.05) and R40
(P<.12). Feed efficiencies during the finishing
phase were not different among treatments
(P>.40)
Effects of high-grain or high-roughage transition diets on finishing performance of cattle previously fed high-concentrate growing diets
Three hundred twenty-eight crossbred beef
steers previously fed high-concentrate growing
diets had ad libitum access to one of two transition
diets prior to initiation of the finishing phase.
Transition diets consisted of 58% steam-flaked
corn and 30% alfalfa hay or of 23% steamflaked
corn and 65% alfalfa hay (DM basis).
Average daily gains, dry matter intakes, and
feed efficiencies during the transition phase were
greater for steers fed the high-grain diet than for
steers fed the high-roughage diet (P<.01). This
resulted in heavier carcass weights at the end of
the subsequent finishing phase for steers fed the
high-grain transition diet (P<.05). Average daily
gains and feed efficiencies in the finishing phase
were not affected by the type of diet fed during
the transition phase (P>.20)
Steam-flaked corn diets containing combinations of wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay: effects on diet digestibility and ruminal characteristics
Twelve ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used to measure digestibility and ruminal characteristics of steam-flaked
corn based diets containing combinations
of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and
alfalfa hay (AH). Starch intake was lower
(P<0.05), but neutral detergent fiber intake
was higher (P<0.05) as AH and WCGF
increased in the diet. Ruminal pH was
increased by AH (linear, P<0.05) and
tended (P<0.07) to increase with WCGF.
Feeding higher levels of WCGF tended to
increase passage rate (P=0.17) and
decreased (P<0.05) total tract organic
matter digestibility. Flaked corn diets
containing at least 25% WCGF may
contribute enough roughage to allow
reduction of alfalfa hay levels
Alfalfa hay levels in limit-fed, high-energy, growing diets for beef steers
One hundred sixty-four crossbred beef
steers were used in a 102-day growing study to
determine optimum levels of alfalfa hay in limit-fed,
high-energy, growing diets. Diets contained
steam-flaked corn and 40% Sweet
Bran® brand wet corn gluten feed (dry matter
basis) with 0, 10, or 20% ground alfalfa hay. A
fourth diet containing steam-flaked corn (no
Sweet Bran) and 20% ground alfalfa hay was
used as a control. Average daily gains and feed
efficiencies in the growing phase were greater
(P<.05) for cattle fed no alfalfa than for cattle
fed the control, 10% alfalfa, or 20% alfalfa
diets. Steers fed the control and 20% alfalfa
diets had increased rates of dry matter intake
(P<.05) compared to those fed no alfalfa. At
the end of the growing phase, all cattle were
placed on a common finishing diet and fed for
101 days. Dry matter intakes during the finishing
phase for cattle previously fed no alfalfa
were numerically less than intakes for cattle fed
other diets and significantly less than intakes for
cattle previously fed the control diet. Feed
efficiencies were greater for cattle previously fed
20% alfalfa diets than those fed the control diet
(P<.05). Average daily gains did not differ
(P>.40) among diets during the finishing phase
Combinations of wet corn gluten feed and steam flaked corn in finishing cattle diets
A 152-day experiment was conducted using
615 crossbred steers to evaluate cattle performance
when steam-flaked corn in finishing diets
was replaced partially with wet corn gluten feed
(CGF). Finishing diets contained no wet CGF
(0CGF) or 30 and 60% CGF on a dry matter
basis (30CGF and 60CGF). Ruminal and fecal
pH increased linearly (P<.01) as the proportion
of wet corn gluten feed increased. Cattle fed
60CGF gained less than those fed 30CGF
(P<.01) and were less efficient than cattle fed
0CGF or 30CGF (P<.05). Dressing percentage
was lower (P<.03) for cattle fed 60CGF
compared to cattle fed 30CGF. Incidence of
liver abscesses increased linearly (P<.01) as the
level of CGF increased. Replacing steamflaked
corn with wet CGF at 30% of the diet
did not alter performance