Gamma-phase Zn-Ni Alloy Deposition by Pulse-electroplating from a Modified Deep Eutectic Solution

This article describes the electroplating of Znsingle bondNi alloy from a modified deep eutectic solvent (DES), a mixture of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG) commonly known by its commercial name Ethaline. In this study the Ethaline was modified with propylene carbonate (PC) to decrease the solution viscosity. Boric acid was also used as an additive to improve surface finish and adhesion. The modifications were shown to increase the reduction rate of metal ions through improved mass transport and also to improve the quality of finish (morphology and interfacial adhesion) of the coating. We demonstrate that it is possible to produce dense, thick and adherent coatings of a γ-phase Znsingle bondNi alloy with 81–85% Zn on mild steel substrates using either potentiostatic deposition or controlled current pulse-plating techniques. Mild steel is a typical substrate for a sacrificial anti-corrosion coating used in many applications where the alloy serves to protect the steel from corrosion in harsh environments

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Genetic diversity of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes along the shores of Lake Victoria in Tanzania and Kenya: implications for management

Matrix of geographical distances among sampling sites (km). Table S2. Genetic differentiation between all population pairs. Values in bold are significant at the 0.05 level. Table S3. Genetic summary statistics for all 19 microsatellite loci. Summary statistics are shown for each of the 19 microsatellite loci: AR, allelic richness; HO, observed heterozygosity; HE, expected heterozygosity; FIS, inbreeding coefficient and its P-value. Table S4. Genetic differentiation between the 4 clusters identified by STRUCTURE. Values in bold are significant at the 0.05 level. Key: Cluster 1 = BUK, Cluster 2 = UKE, Cluster 3 = RAS, KIR, MAS, TOB, Cluster 4 = KIS, MAN. Figure S1. Delta K Log Likelihood plot for G. f. fuscipes clusters using the second order rate of change method [16]. The ΔK plot for a given number of clusters (K) shows that the most likely number of G. f. fuscipes clusters from the samples studied is four. Figure S2. Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) versus the number of clusters (k) generated for discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC; Jombart et al., [30]) using Adegenet (Jombart, [31]) for all G. f. fuscipes microsatellite MLLs. A k value of four was chosen to describe the data. Figure S3. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). Assignment of individuals from 8 sampling sites to each of the 4 identified clusters. Points represent individual genotypes sampled from a sampling site and are connected by lines to the 95% confidence ellipse centroid of the respective population. Numbers refer to the clusters identified by the STRUCTURE analyses (Fig. 3) (DOC 328 kb