A polynomial approach to cocycles over elementary abelian groups

We derive bivariate polynomial formulae for cocycles and coboundaries in Z2(xs2124pn,xs2124pn), and a basis for the (pn-1-n)-dimensional GF(pn)-space of coboundaries. When p=2 we determine a basis for the $(2^n + {n\choose 2} -1)$-dimensional GF(2n)-space of cocycles and show that each cocycle has a unique decomposition as a direct sum of a coboundary and a multiplicative cocycle of restricted form

Observations of HNO3, ΣAN, ΣPN and NO2 fluxes: evidence for rapid HOx chemistry within a pine forest canopy

Measurements of exchange of reactive nitrogen oxides between the atmosphere and a ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains are reported. During winter, we observe upward fluxes of NO₂, and downward fluxes of total peroxy and peroxy acyl nitrates (ΣPNs), total gas and particle phase alkyl and multifunctional alkyl nitrates (ΣANs_(g+p)), and the sum of gaseous HNO₃ and semi-volatile NO₃^− particles (HNO_3(g+p)). We use calculations of the vertical profile and flux of NO, partially constrained by observations, to show that net midday ΣNO_yi fluxes in winter are –4.9 ppt m s^−1. The signs and magnitudes of these wintertime individual and ΣNO_yi fluxes are in the range of prior measurements. In contrast, during summer, we observe downward fluxes only of ΣANs_(g+p), and upward fluxes of HNO_3(g+p), ΣPNs and NO₂ with signs and magnitudes that are unlike most, if not all, previous observations and analyses of fluxes of individual nitrogen oxides. The results imply that the mechanisms contributing to NO_y fluxes, at least at this site, are much more complex than previously recognized. We show that the observations of upward fluxes of HNO_3(g+p) and σPNs during summer are consistent with oxidation of NO₂ and acetaldehyde by an OH x residence time of 1.1×10¹⁰ molec OH cm^−3 s, corresponding to 3 to 16×10⁷ molecules cm^−3 OH within the forest canopy for a 420 to 70 s canopy residence time. We show that ΣAN_(g+p) fluxes are consistent with this range in OH if the reaction of OH with ΣANs produces either HNO₃ or NO₂ with a 6–30% yield. Calculations of NO fluxes constrained by the NO₂ observations and the inferred OH indicate that NO_x fluxes are downward into the canopy because of the substantial conversion of NO_x to HNO₃ and σPNs in the canopy. Even so, we derive that NO_x emission fluxes of ~15 ng(N) m^−2 s^−1 at midday during summer are required to balance the NO_x and NO_y flux budgets. These fluxes are partly explained by estimates of soil emissions (estimated to be between 3 and 6 ng(N) m^−2 s^-1). One possibility for the remainder of the NO_x source is large HONO emissions. Alternatively, the 15 ng(N) m^−2 s^−1 emission estimate may be too large, and the budget balanced if the deposition of HNO₃ and σPNs is slower than we estimate, if there are large errors in either our understanding of peroxy radical chemistry, or our assumptions that the budget is required to balance because the fluxes do not obey similarity theory

Random polynomials, random matrices, and LL-functions

We show that the Circular Orthogonal Ensemble of random matrices arises naturally from a family of random polynomials. This sheds light on the appearance of random matrix statistics in the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function.Comment: Added background material. Final version. To appear in Nonlinearit

Chesapeake Bay wave climate : Thimble Shoal light wave station, report and summary of wave observations, October 8, 1990 through August 22, 1991 and Chesapeake light tower - VIMS Star gage test measurements and evaluation, July, August, October 1991

This report also presents a description of a directional wave gaging system, known as a Star gage, that is designed for long-term, low-maintenance operation both within and immediately outside the Chesapeake Bay entrance area. This development was prompted by our dependence to date on the single-point, PUV-type directional wave gage described below. While ideally suited for short-term investigative studies at different sites, the PUV directional wave gage requires field service visits at monthly intervals to maintain adequate performance and uninterrupted operation. A prototype Star gage system was constructed and field tested to evaluate its potential use as a long-term and eventual real-time wave gage for the Virginia coastal environment. A test deployment of the VIMS Star gage, a 4-element pressure sensor array utilizing a star configuration (Goda, 1985) was conducted at the Chesapeake Light Tower (CLT, Fig. 1) located approximately 14 nautical miles east of the bay entrance. Results of these tests are reported in Section VII

Statistical theory of the continuous double auction

Most modern financial markets use a continuous double auction mechanism to store and match orders and facilitate trading. In this paper we develop a microscopic dynamical statistical model for the continuous double auction under the assumption of IID random order flow, and analyze it using simulation, dimensional analysis, and theoretical tools based on mean field approximations. The model makes testable predictions for basic properties of markets, such as price volatility, the depth of stored supply and demand vs. price, the bid-ask spread, the price impact function, and the time and probability of filling orders. These predictions are based on properties of order flow and the limit order book, such as share volume of market and limit orders, cancellations, typical order size, and tick size. Because these quantities can all be measured directly there are no free parameters. We show that the order size, which can be cast as a nondimensional granularity parameter, is in most cases a more significant determinant of market behavior than tick size. We also provide an explanation for the observed highly concave nature of the price impact function. On a broader level, this work suggests how stochastic models based on zero-intelligence agents may be useful to probe the structure of market institutions. Like the model of perfect rationality, a stochastic-zero intelligence model can be used to make strong predictions based on a compact set of assumptions, even if these assumptions are not fully believable.Comment: 36 pages, 40 figures, RevTex4, submitted to Quantitative Financ

A Multi Agent Model for the Limit Order Book Dynamics

In the present work we introduce a novel multi-agent model with the aim to reproduce the dynamics of a double auction market at microscopic time scale through a faithful simulation of the matching mechanics in the limit order book. The agents follow a noise decision making process where their actions are related to a stochastic variable, "the market sentiment", which we define as a mixture of public and private information. The model, despite making just few basic assumptions over the trading strategies of the agents, is able to reproduce several empirical features of the high-frequency dynamics of the market microstructure not only related to the price movements but also to the deposition of the orders in the book.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, in press European Physical Journal B (EPJB

Origins and composition of fine atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California

In this paper we report chemically resolved measurements of organic aerosol (OA) and related tracers during the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX) at the Blodgett Forest Research Station, California from 15 August–10 October 2007. OA contributed the majority of the mass to the fine atmospheric particles and was predominately oxygenated (OOA). The highest concentrations of OA were during sporadic wildfire influence when aged plumes were impacting the site. In situ measurements of particle phase molecular markers were dominated by secondary compounds and along with gas phase compounds could be categorized into six factors or sources: (1) aged biomass burning emissions and oxidized urban emissions, (2) oxidized urban emissions (3) oxidation products of monoterpene emissions, (4) monoterpene emissions, (5) anthropogenic emissions and (6) local methyl chavicol emissions and oxidation products. There were multiple biogenic components that contributed to OA at this site whose contributions varied diurnally, seasonally and in response to changing meteorological conditions, e.g. temperature and precipitation events. Concentrations of isoprene oxidation products were larger when temperatures were higher during the first half of the campaign (15 August–12 September) due to more substantial emissions of isoprene and enhanced photochemistry. The oxidation of methyl chavicol, an oxygenated terpene emitted by ponderosa pine trees, contributed similarly to OA throughout the campaign. In contrast, the abundances of monoterpene oxidation products in the particle phase were greater during the cooler conditions in the latter half of the campaign (13 September–10 October), even though emissions of the precursors were lower, although the mechanism is not known. OA was correlated with the anthropogenic tracers 2-propyl nitrate and carbon monoxide (CO), consistent with previous observations, while being comprised of mostly non-fossil carbon (>75%). The correlation between OA and an anthropogenic tracer does not necessarily identify the source of the carbon as being anthropogenic but instead suggests a coupling between the anthropogenic and biogenic components in the air mass that might be related to the source of the oxidant and/or the aerosol sulfate. Observations of organosulfates of isoprene and α-pinene provided evidence for the likely importance of aerosol sulfate in spite of neutralized aerosol although acidic plumes might have played a role upwind of the site. This is in contrast to laboratory studies where strongly acidic seed aerosols were needed in order to form these compounds. These compounds together represented only a minor fraction (<1%) of the total OA mass, which may be the result of the neutralized aerosol at the site or because only a small number of organosulfates were quantified. The low contribution of organosulfates to total OA suggests that other mechanisms, e.g. NO_x enhancement of oxidant levels, are likely responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic enhancement of biogenic secondary organic aerosol observed at this site

Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Carbon Doped MgB2 Wire Segments

We have studied the evolution of superconducting and normal state properties of neutron irradiated Mg(B$_{.962}$C$_{.038}$)$_2$ wire segments as a function of post exposure annealing time and temperature. The initial fluence fully suppressed superconductivity and resulted in an anisotropic expansion of the unit cell. Superconductivity was restored by post-exposure annealing. The upper critical field, H$_{c2}$(T=0), approximately scales with T$_c$ starting with an undamaged T$_c$ near 37 K and H$_{c2}$(T=0) near 32 T. Up to an annealing temperature of 400 $^ o$C the recovery of T$_c$ tends to coincide with a decrease in the normal state resistivity and a systematic recovery of the lattice parameters. Above 400 $^ o$C a decrease in order along the c- direction coincides with an increase in resistivity, but no apparent change in the evolution of T$_c$ and H$_{c2}$. To first order, it appears that carbon doping and neutron damaging effect the superconducting properties of MgB$_2$ independently

Tau oligomers in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVE: With an increasing incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neurodegenerative tauopathies, there is an urgent need to develop reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease, such as the recently discovered toxic tau oligomers. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the presence of tau oligomers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with cognitive deficits, and to determine whether tau oligomers could serve as a potential biomarker for AD. METHODS: A multicentric collaborative study involving a double-blinded analysis with a total of 98 subjects with moderate to severe AD (N = 41), mild AD (N = 31), and nondemented control subjects (N = 26), and two pilot studies of 33 total patients with AD (N = 19) and control (N = 14) subjects were performed. We carried out biochemical assays to measure oligomeric tau from CSF of these patients with various degrees of cognitive impairment as well as cognitively normal controls. RESULTS: Using a highly reproducible indirect ELISA method, we found elevated levels of tau oligomers in AD patients compared to age-matched controls. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of oligomeric forms of tau in CSF. In addition, the ratio of oligomeric to total tau increased in the order: moderate to severe AD, mild AD, and controls. CONCLUSION: These assays are suitable for the analysis of human CSF samples. These results here suggest that CSF tau oligomer measurements could be optimized and added to the panel of CSF biomarkers for the accurate and early detection of AD