Grain feeding opportunities and problems in Oregon

Published April 1963. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

豚精子の 5℃における生存性並びにアクロゾーム形態に及ぼすカフェイン, テオフィリンの影響(農学部門)

ETCG液を基本液とし, これにカフェインまたはテオフィリンを, 実験1では終末濃度0,10,20,30,40mM, 実験2では0,5,10,15,20mMとなるように添加した後, それぞれの液で豚精液を3倍に稀釈し, 5℃で1∿5日間保存試験を行い, 保存日数の経過に伴う精子活力, 活力回復時間, pH, アクロゾーム形態の変化について比較検討を行った。その結果, 全般的には保存日数の経過に伴いアナビオーシスからの回復が遅れる傾向が認められたが, カフェイン, テオフィリン添加区では無添加区に比べて明らかに高い活力を維持し, 活力の回復も早く, pHの低下も認められなかった。また添加区相互の間では, 5∿20mMの低濃度区の方が活力の回復が早く, 30∿40mMと濃度が高くなるにつれてアナビオーシスからの回復が遅れるが, 35℃で長時間高い活力を維持する傾向が認められた。さらにアクロゾームの形態変化に及ぼす影響を併せ考慮すると, 本実験におけるカフェイン, テオフィリン添加の適濃度は10∿15mMであると考えられる。The effects of caffeine and theophylline on the motility and on the acrosome morphology of boar spermatozoa stored at 5℃ were studied. Aliquot of semen were diluted at 30℃ with two volumes of ETCG diluents containing 10,20,30,40mM caffeine or theophylline in Experiment 1,and with those cnotaining 5,10,15,20mM caffeine or theophylline in Experiment 2. Diluted samples were gradually cooled to 5℃. After storage of the sample for 1-5 days at 5℃, sperm motility from anabiosis by incubation at 35℃ and acrosome morphology were assessed. Caffeine and theophylline improved sperm motility markedly during storage at 5℃ and shortened the recovery time from anabiosis. In these experimental conditions, 5-20mM caffeine and theophylline recovered motility sooner, while 30-40mM caffeine and theophylline took more time for recovery but maintained high motility longer. On the contrary, addition of caffeine and theophylline seemed to increase acrosome deterioration slightly. The addition of 10-15mM caffeine and theophylline seemed to be most effective in these experimental conditions

Data from: Retrospective harm benefit analysis of pre-clinical animal research for six treatment interventions

Background: The harm benefit analysis (HBA) is the cornerstone of animal research regulation and is considered to be a key ethical safeguard for animals. The HBA involves weighing the anticipated benefits of animal research against its predicted harms to animals but there are doubts about how objective and accountable this process is. Objectives: i. To explore the harms to animals involved in pre-clinical animal studies and to assess these against the benefits for humans accruing from these studies; ii. To test the feasibility of conducting this type of retrospective HBA. Methods: Data on harms were systematically extracted from a sample of pre-clinical animal studies whose clinical relevance had already been investigated by comparing systematic reviews of the animal studies with systematic reviews of human studies for the same interventions (antifibrinolytics for haemorrhage, bisphosphonates for osteoporosis, corticosteroids for brain injury, Tirilazad for stroke, antenatal corticosteroids for neonatal respiratory distress and thrombolytics for stroke). Clinical relevance was also explored in terms of current clinical practice. Harms were categorised for severity using an expert panel. The quality of the research and its impact were considered. Bateson's Cube was used to conduct the HBA. Results: The most common assessment of animal harms by the expert panel was 'severe'. Reported use of analgesia was rare and some animals (including most neonates) endured significant procedures with no, or only light, anaesthesia reported. Some animals suffered iatrogenic harms. Many were kept alive for long periods post-experimentally but only 1% of studies reported post-operative care. A third of studies reported that some animals died prior to endpoints. All the studies were of poor quality. Having weighed the actual harms to animals against the actual clinical benefits accruing from these studies, and taking into account the quality of the research and its impact, less than 7% of the studies were permissible according to Bateson's Cube: only the moderate bisphosphonate studies appeared to minimise harms to animals whilst being associated with benefit for humans. Conclusions: This is the first time the accountability of the HBA has been systematically explored across a range of pre-clinical animal studies. The regulatory systems in place when these studies were conducted failed to safeguard animals from severe suffering or to ensure that only beneficial, scientifically rigorous research was conducted. Our findings indicate a pressing need to: i. review regulations, particularly those that permit animals to suffer severe harms; ii. reform the processes of prospectively assessing pre-clinical animal studies to make them fit for purpose; and iii. systematically evaluate the benefits of pre-clinical animal research to permit a more realistic assessment of its likely future benefits

Beak lengths of young laying hens (pullets) from flocks provided with potential beak-blunting materials and from control flocks

Injurious Pecking, commonly controlled by beak trimming (BT) is a widespread issue in laying hens associated with thwarted foraging. This controlled study compared the effect in intact and beak-trimmed pullets of providing pecking pans to 8 treatment flocks from 6 weeks of age. Flocks (mean size 6,843) comprised 8 British Blacktail, 6 Lohmann Brown and 2 Bovans Brown. All young birds (6-7 weeks) pecked more frequently at the pecking pans (mean 40.4) than older pullets (mean 26.0, 23.3 pecks/bird/minute at 10-11 weeks and 14-15 weeks respectively) (

Data from: Long-term and trans-generational effects of neonatal experience on sheep behaviour

Early life experiences can have profound long-term, and sometimes trans-generational, effects on individual phenotypes. However, there is a relative paucity of knowledge about effects on pain sensitivity, even though these may impact on an individual's health and welfare, particularly in farm animals exposed to painful husbandry procedures. Here, we tested in sheep whether neonatal painful and non-painful challenges can alter pain sensitivity in adult life, and also in the next generation. Ewes exposed to tail-docking or a simulated mild infection (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) on days 3–4 of life showed higher levels of pain-related behaviour when giving birth as adults compared with control animals. LPS-treated ewes also gave birth to lambs who showed decreased pain sensitivity in standardized tests during days 2–3 of life. Our results demonstrate long-term and trans-generational effects of neonatal experience on pain responses in a commercially important species and suggest that variations in early life management can have important implications for animal health and welfare.,Data for Clark et al. (2014) Biology Letters - early experience affects pain responsesData referred to in Clark et al. (2014). Long-term and trans-generational effects of neonatal experience on sheep behaviour. Biology Letters. Data column headings should be self-explanatory, especially with reference to the paper.

Data from: Implications for welfare, productivity and sustainability of the variation in reported levels of mortality for laying hen flocks kept in different housing systems: a meta-analysis of ten studies.

Data from ten sources comprising 3,851 flocks were modelled to identify variation in levels of mortality in laying hens. The predicted increase with age was curvilinear with significant variation between the seven breed categories. Mortality was higher in loose housing systems than in cages and variable within system, confirming previous reports. Cumulative mortality (CM) was higher in flocks with intact beaks (?2 = 6.03; df 1; p=0.014) than in those with trimmed beaks. Most data were available for free-range systems (2,823 flocks), where producer recorded CM at 60-80 weeks of age averaged 10% but with a range from 0% to 69.3%. Life cycle assessment showed that the main effect of increased levels of hen mortality is to increase the relative contribution of breeding overheads, so increasing environmental burdens per unit of production. Reducing CM to levels currently achieved by the 1st quartile could reduce flock greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 25%. Concurrently this would enhance hen welfare and better meet the expectation of egg consumers. More research to understand the genetic x environment interaction and detailed records of the causes of mortality are required so that improved genotypes can be developed for different systems and different breeds can be better managed within systems.,Mortality data and associated variablesThis is an Excel (.xlsx) file derived from an Access database of cumulative mortality data collected in the field from farm records in the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. Associated data include housing system, flock size and genotype. See Notes sheet for description of abbreviations.Mortality data PONE-D-15-27282.xlsxData used in the LCA analysis by Cranfield UniversityThe file describes the content, which includes tables of average growth and feed data for the breed B used in the models of the paper plus a table of average mortality data.

Data from: Implications for welfare, productivity and sustainability of the variation in reported levels of mortality for laying hen flocks kept in different housing systems: a meta-analysis of ten studies.

Data from ten sources comprising 3,851 flocks were modelled to identify variation in levels of mortality in laying hens. The predicted increase with age was curvilinear with significant variation between the seven breed categories. Mortality was higher in loose housing systems than in cages and variable within system, confirming previous reports. Cumulative mortality (CM) was higher in flocks with intact beaks (?2 = 6.03; df 1; p=0.014) than in those with trimmed beaks. Most data were available for free-range systems (2,823 flocks), where producer recorded CM at 60-80 weeks of age averaged 10% but with a range from 0% to 69.3%. Life cycle assessment showed that the main effect of increased levels of hen mortality is to increase the relative contribution of breeding overheads, so increasing environmental burdens per unit of production. Reducing CM to levels currently achieved by the 1st quartile could reduce flock greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 25%. Concurrently this would enhance hen welfare and better meet the expectation of egg consumers. More research to understand the genetic x environment interaction and detailed records of the causes of mortality are required so that improved genotypes can be developed for different systems and different breeds can be better managed within systems.,Mortality data and associated variablesThis is an Excel (.xlsx) file derived from an Access database of cumulative mortality data collected in the field from farm records in the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. Associated data include housing system, flock size and genotype. See Notes sheet for description of abbreviations.Mortality data PONE-D-15-27282.xlsxData used in the LCA analysis by Cranfield UniversityThe file describes the content, which includes tables of average growth and feed data for the breed B used in the models of the paper plus a table of average mortality data.

[Modern biotechnology and optimization of intestinal microbiota in poultry industry] Современные биотехнологии и оптимизация микробиоты кишечника в условиях промышленного птицеводства

Currently, special attention is paid to the optimization of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of highly productive commercial poultry. Many studies in the field of feeding, physiology, genetics, and resistance of poultry are devoted to this important area [1–4]. Various feed additives are studied and tested to help create and maintain optimal GIT microflora. Within the framework of a research project supported by the Government of the Russian Federation, biotechnologies are developed at the Skryabin MVA, including scientific approaches and practical techniques for managing the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, using modern methods such as assessing the expression of key genes using real-time PCR [5] and the composition of the gut microbiome based on T-RFLP analysis [6,7] and next generation sequencing. The developed technologies are successfully tested in the conditions of commercial egg production and adapted to the conditions of modern egg poultry farms in Russia. At the same time, the effects of feed additives are evaluated not only on the general state of the birds’ organism, including the GIT microbiota [8–12], but also on the productivity and resistance of poultry to infectious diseases [13, 14]. In the future, it is planned to organically integrate the developed microbiota management technology into the existing technological programs for egg production, including that during prolonged exploitation of layers (after the peak of egglaying). At the same time, the synergistic interaction of microflora and various feed additives will be of great importance in order to achieve a favorable effect of additives on the intestinal microbiota and in order to maximize the genetic potential of modern egg laying crosses. This work was supported by a grant from the Government of the Russian Federation (contract No. 14.W03.31.0013 of February 20, 2017)

Data from: State-dependent judgement bias in Drosophila: evidence for evolutionarily primitive affective processes

Affective states influence decision-making under ambiguity in humans and other animals. Individuals in a negative state tend to interpret ambiguous cues more negatively than individuals in a positive state. We demonstrate that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, also exhibits state-dependent changes in cue interpretation. Drosophila were trained on a Go/Go task to approach a positive (P) odour associated with a sugar reward and actively avoid a negative (N) odour associated with shock. Trained flies were then either shaken to induce a purported negative state or left undisturbed (control), and given a choice between: air or P; air or N; air or ambiguous odour (1:1 blend of P:N). Shaken flies were significantly less likely to approach the ambiguous odour than control flies. This ‘judgement bias’ may be mediated by changes in neural activity that reflect evolutionarily primitive affective states. We cannot say whether such states are consciously experienced, but utilisation of this model organism’s versatile experimental tool kit may facilitate elucidation of their neural and genetic basis