Geophysical Investigations of a Rural Water Point Installation Program in Nampula Province, Mozambique

There are many projects in Mozambique for poverty reduction. One of these projects is funded by Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) and is aimed to install a total of 600 rural water points in the provinces of Nampula and Cabo Delgado. Each water point consists of a drilled well, a water pump and a communal washing basin. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was used for assessing the uitability of the drill sites but despite this many boreholes have come out with an insufficient yield and the failure rates in certain areas are as high as 50 %. Continuous Vertical Electrical Sounding (CVES), also known as Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), was carried out in an attempt to explain the high failure rate. In total 11 sites were investigated, including seven boreholes with sufficient yield and five boreholes with insufficient yield. A perpendicular cross with two 400m survey lines were made over 7 boreholes and single 400m survey lines were made over 5 boreholes. Due to lateral variation the geology in study area is best described in 3D therefore ERT appears to be a suitable method for groundwater exploration and could probably lower the failure rate

A hydrogeological study of the Nhandugue River, Mozambique – A major groundwater recharge zone

The Nhandugue River flows over the western margin of the Urema Rift, the southernmost extension of the East African Rift System, and marks the north-western border of Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. It constitutes one of the major indispensable water resources for the ecosystem that the park protects. Our study focused on the hydrogeological conditions at the western rift margin by resistivity measurements, soil sampling and discharge measurements. The resistivity results suggest that the area is heavily faulted and constitutes a major groundwater recharge zone. East of the rift margin the resistivity indicate that solid gneiss is fractured and weathered, and is overlain by sandstone and alluvial sediments. The top 10-15 m of the alluvial sequence is interpreted as sand. The sand layer extends back to the rift margin thus also covering the gneiss. The sandstone outcrops a few kilometers from the rift margin and dips towards east/south-east. Further into the rift valley, the sand is underlain by lenses of silt and clay on top of sand mixed with finer matter. In the lower end of the investigated area the lenses of silt and clay appears as a more or less continuous layer between the two sand units. The topmost alluvial sand constitutes an unconfined aquifer under which the solid gneiss forms a hydraulic boundary and the fractured gneiss an unconfined aquifer. The sandstone is an unconfined aquifer in the west, becoming semi-confined down dip. The lenses of silt and clay forms an aquitard and the underlying sand mixed with finer matter a semi-confined aquifer. The surface runoff decreases downstream and it is therefore concluded that surface water infiltrates as recharge to the aquifers and moves as groundwater in an east/south-eastward direction

Combined electrical resistivity tomography and magnetic resonance sounding investigation of the surface-water/groundwater interaction in the Urema Graben, Mozambique

This study focusses on the hydrogeology of Urema Graben, especially possible interactions between surface water and groundwater around Lake Urema, in Gorongosa National Park (GNP). Lake Urema is the only permanent water source for wildlife inside GNP, and there are concerns that it will disappear due to interferences in surface-water/groundwater interactions as a result of changes in the hydraulic environment. As the lake is the only permanent water source, thiswould be a disaster for the ecosystem of the park. The subsurface geology in Urema Graben was investigated by 20 km of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and three magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) surveys. The average depth penetration was 60 and 100 m, respectively. The location of the ERT lines was decided based on general rift morphology and therefore orientated perpendicular to Urema Graben, from the transitional areas of the margins of the Barue platform in the west to the Cheringoma plateau escarpments in the east. ERT andMRS both indicate a second aquifer, where Urema Lake is a window of the first upper semi-confined aquifer, while the lower aquifer is confined by a clay layer 30–40 m thick. The location and depth of this aquifer suggest that it is probably linked to the Pungwe River which could be a main source of recharge during the dry season. If a dam or any other infrastructure is constructed in Pungwe River upstream ofGNP, the groundwater level will decrease which could lead to drying out of Urema Lake

Geophysical Investigations of a Rural Water Point Installation Program in Nampula Province, Mozambique

There are many projects in Mozambique for poverty reduction. One of these projects is funded by Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) and is aimed to install a total of 600 rural water points in the provinces of Nampula and Cabo Delgado. Each water point consists of a drilled well, a water pump and a communal washing basin. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was used for assessing the uitability of the drill sites but despite this many boreholes have come out with an insufficient yield and the failure rates in certain areas are as high as 50 %. Continuous Vertical Electrical Sounding (CVES), also known as Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), was carried out in an attempt to explain the high failure rate. In total 11 sites were investigated, including seven boreholes with sufficient yield and five boreholes with insufficient yield. A perpendicular cross with two 400m survey lines were made over 7 boreholes and single 400m survey lines were made over 5 boreholes. Due to lateral variation the geology in study area is best described in 3D therefore ERT appears to be a suitable method for groundwater exploration and could probably lower the failure rate

Borehole Logging and Slug Tests for Evaluating the Applicability of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Groundwater Exploration in Nampula Complex, Mozambique

In Nampula province, Mozambique, there is a high number of water wells considered as having failed for having too low a pumping yield. Two Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) measurement campaigns were conducted in the area for evaluating the reasons of failures. However, in some cases it was difficult to verify and interpret the ERT results by only using the inadequate lithological description presented in drilling reports. In this paper the integration of borehole logging and slug testing is presented as a solution to add more information and to enhance the interpretation of ERT models. The borehole logging tool measured resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma. The logging results proved that the ERT models are accurate in estimating the resistivity for basement (>1400 Ωm), fractured layer (220–1400 Ωm), semi-weathered layer with clay accumulation (10–220 Ωm), and weathered and leached layer (220–2700 Ωm). The slug testing gave results of high hydraulic conductivity (K) values where the ERT indicates well-developed weathered and fractured layers, and low K values where these are less developed. The borehole interpretation can be extrapolated using the ERT model to give a geometric characterization of the aquifer. Therefore, the implementation of the ERT method in groundwater exploration is encouraged

Recherches réflexives et proposition d'une modélisation par la théorie de l'activité pour la création d'un dispositif info-communicationnel durable en contexte scolaire

Based on the observation that the school environment is constantly seeking change, the practice of the project has been conducted as a mean of developing the motivation and autonomy of students. The main problems encountered are to organise a sustainable approach in a changing context and to offer a project that consider both institutional injunctions and possibilities on the field. Since all professional reflection benefits from being based on theories and scientific approaches, a process based on constructivism, pragmatism and systemic thinking was adopted. It relies on a comprehensive methodology using on one hand, surveys and interviews and on the other hand, heuristic schematisation based on triadic modelling. Activity theory and adaptation of Engeström's model allow us to study the elements at stake and their contradictions, during the collaborative construction of a device called DISCODU, centred on the collection of information about tourism in Spanish-speaking countries, its organisation and its implementation on a digital medium accessible online. This study shows the benefits of these actions for both students and school community, but it also highlights, for the teacher who becomes a manager, the need for transdisciplinarity as well as for information culture, and, for the school, the priority that must be given to organisation as opposed to simply technical means. This work finally reveals the interest of schematisation and the need to theorise this qualitative method, which allows for a clear presentation, a reasoned elaboration and an adaptation taking into account sustainability.Partant du constat d’un milieu scolaire en quête permanente de changement, ce travail de recherche a pour but d’envisager une méthode permettant d’accompagner la pratique d’un projet, vu comme moyen pour développer la motivation et l’autonomie des élèves. Les problèmes majeurs rencontrés sont de parvenir à organiser une démarche pérenne dans un contexte changeant et de proposer un projet qui tienne compte à la fois des injonctions institutionnelles et des possibilités offertes sur le terrain. Toute réflexion professionnelle gagnant à s'appuyer sur des théories et des approches scientifiques, une démarche placée dans le constructivisme, le pragmatisme et le systémisme a été adoptée. Elle s’appuie sur une méthodologie compréhensive par enquêtes et entretiens d’une part et sur une schématisation heuristique reposant sur une modélisation triadique d’autre part. La théorie de l’activité et une adaptation du modèle d’Engeström permettent d’étudier les éléments en jeu et leurs contradictions, lors de la construction collaborative d’un dispositif appelé DISCODU, axé sur la récolte d’informations autour du tourisme dans les pays hispanophones, leur organisation et leur mise en place sur un support numérique accessible en ligne. Cette étude montre le bénéfice de ces actions tant pour les élèves que pour la communauté scolaire mais elle met aussi en évidence, pour l’enseignant devenant manager, le besoin de transdisciplinarité comme celui de culture de l’information, et, pour l’établissement, la priorité qu’il faut donner à l’organisation par rapport à des moyens simplement techniques. Ce travail révèle enfin l’intérêt de la schématisation et le besoin de théoriser cette méthode qualitative, qui permet à la fois une présentation claire, une élaboration raisonnée et une adaptation prenant en compte le durable

Reflexive research and proposal of a model through activity theory for the creation of a sustainable info-communication device in a school environment

Partant du constat d’un milieu scolaire en quête permanente de changement, ce travail de recherche a pour but d’envisager une méthode permettant d’accompagner la pratique d’un projet, vu comme moyen pour développer la motivation et l’autonomie des élèves. Les problèmes majeurs rencontrés sont de parvenir à organiser une démarche pérenne dans un contexte changeant et de proposer un projet qui tienne compte à la fois des injonctions institutionnelles et des possibilités offertes sur le terrain. Toute réflexion professionnelle gagnant à s'appuyer sur des théories et des approches scientifiques, une démarche placée dans le constructivisme, le pragmatisme et le systémisme a été adoptée. Elle s’appuie sur une méthodologie compréhensive par enquêtes et entretiens d’une part et sur une schématisation heuristique reposant sur une modélisation triadique d’autre part. La théorie de l’activité et une adaptation du modèle d’Engeström permettent d’étudier les éléments en jeu et leurs contradictions, lors de la construction collaborative d’un dispositif appelé DISCODU, axé sur la récolte d’informations autour du tourisme dans les pays hispanophones, leur organisation et leur mise en place sur un support numérique accessible en ligne. Cette étude montre le bénéfice de ces actions tant pour les élèves que pour la communauté scolaire mais elle met aussi en évidence, pour l’enseignant devenant manager, le besoin de transdisciplinarité comme celui de culture de l’information, et, pour l’établissement, la priorité qu’il faut donner à l’organisation par rapport à des moyens simplement techniques. Ce travail révèle enfin l’intérêt de la schématisation et le besoin de théoriser cette méthode qualitative, qui permet à la fois une présentation claire, une élaboration raisonnée et une adaptation prenant en compte le durable.Based on the observation that the school environment is constantly seeking change, the practice of the project has been conducted as a mean of developing the motivation and autonomy of students. The main problems encountered are to organise a sustainable approach in a changing context and to offer a project that consider both institutional injunctions and possibilities on the field. Since all professional reflection benefits from being based on theories and scientific approaches, a process based on constructivism, pragmatism and systemic thinking was adopted. It relies on a comprehensive methodology using on one hand, surveys and interviews and on the other hand, heuristic schematisation based on triadic modelling. Activity theory and adaptation of Engeström's model allow us to study the elements at stake and their contradictions, during the collaborative construction of a device called DISCODU, centred on the collection of information about tourism in Spanish-speaking countries, its organisation and its implementation on a digital medium accessible online. This study shows the benefits of these actions for both students and school community, but it also highlights, for the teacher who becomes a manager, the need for transdisciplinarity as well as for information culture, and, for the school, the priority that must be given to organisation as opposed to simply technical means. This work finally reveals the interest of schematisation and the need to theorise this qualitative method, which allows for a clear presentation, a reasoned elaboration and an adaptation taking into account sustainability

LE PATIENT TRAUMATISE GRAVE (ISS > 15) (PRISE EN CHARGE PREHOSPITALIERE ET A L'ARRIVEE AUX URGENCES ; BILAN EN FRANCE, AU CANADA, ET AUX ETATS-UNIS)

AIX-MARSEILLE2-BU Méd/Odontol. (130552103) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Inaptitude pour raison médicale aux fonctions de sapeur-pompier

AIX-MARSEILLE2-BU Méd/Odontol. (130552103) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF