Aspects of fiscal structure & policy in Iraq, 1953-1963 –with reference to their effects on economic development

The present study is basically a study of the main aspects of fiscal structure and policy in Iraq during 1953-1963, and with reference to their effects on economic growth in Iraq. The study is divided into five chapter s and three appendices. Chapter one deals mainly with the exposition of the national accounts of the Iraqi economy, with some emphasis on the role of the government’s sector. This chapter forms the factual background against which problems of fiscal structure and policy in Iraq are examined. Since the exposition in chapter one has been based mainly on one single source of statistical material on the national accounts of Iraq, other alternative estimates are shown in Appendix 1. Appendix 2 includes a brief survey of the major conceptual problems involved in the measurement of national income. Chapter two includes a detailed analysis of the role of fiscal policy in accelerating the growth rate of an underdeveloped economy. While it has been attempted to analyse a wide range of problems involved in fiscal policy the problem of the effect of fiscal policy on the rate of capital formation was stressed in particular, since the rate of capital formation is viewed as the primary parameter of growth. Hence, chapter two forms the analytical background against which problems of fiscal structure and policy in Iraq are examined. Chapter three examines the revenue system and tax policy in Iraq. The first three sections examine the revenue system in general, while the forth section includes a detailed analysis of tax policy in Iraq. This is done mainly against the factual and analytical backgrounds already developed in the previous two chapters. Chapter four includes a detailed examination of the pattern of government expenditure in Iraq, mainly with reference to its possible effect on the rate of capital formation in the economy. Chapter five includes the summary and conclusions of the study. Finally, all tables are included in the statistical appendix

Ensaio preliminar de sorgo granífero.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de testar 45 variedades de sorgo em Afrânio-PE, oriundos de uma seleção anterior realizada pelo Programa de Sorgo e Milheto-IPA-PE, em Serra Talhada. Foram incluidas 4 variedades já testadas na região, como controle, perfazendo um total de 49 repetições

Evolving Genetic Programming Tree Models for Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Green Fibers

Advanced modern technology and the industrial sustainability theme have contributed to the implementation of composite materials for various industrial applications. Bio-composites are among the desired alternatives for green products. However, to properly control the performance of bio-composites, predicting their constituent properties is of paramount importance. This work introduces an innovative, evolving genetic programming tree model for predicting the mechanical properties of natural fibers for the first time based upon several inherent chemical and physical properties. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and moisture contents, as well as the Microfibrillar angle of various natural fibers, were considered to establish the prediction models. A one-hold-out methodology was applied for the training/testing phases. Robust models were developed utilizing evolving genetic programming tree models to predict the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and the elongation at break properties of the natural fibers. It was revealed that the Microfibrillar angle was dominant and capable of determining the ultimate tensile strength of the natural fibers by 44.7%, comparable to other considered properties, while the impact of cellulose content in the model was only 35.6%. This would facilitate utilizing artificial intelligence to predict the overall mechanical properties of natural fibers without exhausting experimental efforts and cost to enhance the development of better green composite materials for various industrial applications. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-06-02 Full Text: PD

Evolving Genetic Programming Tree Models for Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Green Fibers for Better Biocomposite Materials

Advanced modern technology and industrial sustainability theme have contributed implementing composite materials for various industrial applications. Green composites are among the desired alternatives for the green products. However, to properly control the performance of the green composites, predicting their constituents properties are of paramount importance. This work presents an innovative evolving genetic programming tree models for predicting the mechanical properties of natural fibers based upon several inherent chemical and physical properties. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and moisture contents as well as the Microfibrillar angle of various natural fibers were considered to establish the prediction models. A one-hold-out methodology was applied for training/testing phases. Robust models were developed to predict the tensile strength, Young's modulus, and the elongation at break properties of the natural fibers. It was revealed that Microfibrillar angle was dominant and capable of determining the ultimate tensile strength of the natural fibers by 44.7% comparable to other considered properties, while the impact of cellulose content in the model was only 35.6%. This in order would facilitate utilizing artificial intelligence in predicting the overall mechanical properties of natural fibers without experimental efforts and cost to enhance developing better green composite materials for various industrial applications

An evaluation of heat loss on top of solar collector with multilayered absorber in solar water heating system

Solar water heating system is one of the applications of solar energy. One of the components of solar water heating system is solar collector that consists of an absorber. The heat loss to the surroundings is in important factor in the determination of performance of the solar collector. The smaller value of heat losses to the surrounding will result the higher performance of the solar collector. Thus, this study is conducted to evaluate the heat loss of top of solar collector with multilayered absorber in solar water heating system. Methods used in this paper include solar collector with multilayered absorber is tested and evaluated by examining the heat loss at top of solar collector in solar water heating system. The results show the impact to the solar water heating system is indeed predictable where multilayered absorber in solar collector is proven to play its main role when it able to keep the hot water temperature longer at minimum amount of 176.4 W/unit area as for heat loss

Effect of Toxic Compounds Extracted from Microalgae Oscillatoria limosa (Roth) Agardh on the Fertility of White Male Mice Mus musculus L.

The effect of toxic compounds extracted from cyanobacteria Oscillatoria limosa isolated from Abu-Alkaseeb rivers in the southern Iraq was studied, water samples  were collected from rivers, and cultured in chu-10 medium .Supernatant of toxic extract from biomass was extracted and  test its effects on the fertility of male mice .The present study reveal   that di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate and phytol compounds effected on the fertility of male mice based on the sperm count ,sperm abnormalities and testosterone hormone level. The current study concluded that the toxic compounds extracted of Oscillatoria limosa had a positive effect on fertility of Mus musculus these effects represented in increasing in abnormal sperms, decreasing of sperm count and testosterone hormone levels compared with control group. Keywards: oscillatoria limosa, sperm count, testosterone hormone

Effect of Toxic Compounds Extracted from Microalgae Oscillatoria limosa (Roth) Agardh on the Fertility of White Male Mice Mus musculus L.

The effect of toxic compounds extracted from cyanobacteria Oscillatoria limosa isolated from Abu-Alkaseeb rivers in the southern Iraq was studied, water samples  were collected from rivers, and cultured in chu-10 medium .Supernatant of toxic extract from biomass was extracted and  test its effects on the fertility of male mice .The present study reveal   that di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate and phytol compounds effected on the fertility of male mice based on the sperm count ,sperm abnormalities and testosterone hormone level. The current study concluded that the toxic compounds extracted of Oscillatoria limosa had a positive effect on fertility of Mus musculus these effects represented in increasing in abnormal sperms ,decreasing  of sperm count and testosterone hormone levels compared with control group . Keywards: oscillatoria limosa, sperm count, testosterone hormone

Heterochromatin Polymorphisms and Chromosomes Damage in Heavy Smoking Men

Objective: The goal of the study is to appraise the heterochromatin polymorphism and chromosomal abnormalities associated with chromosome in smoking men. Methods: During a 9-months period (January 2014 to September 2014) a total of 60 heavy smoking men (more than 20 cigarettes daily) together with 60 normal controls were subjected to the present investigation. A study of the variants heterochromatin of chromosomes1, 9 and 16 was performed on lymphocyte culture followed by C-banding from a total of 60 heavy smokers and 60 nonsmoker persons. Constitutive evaluation was based on qualitative method, blood culture, chromosomes harvesting and C-band technique were carry out according to the standard methods. Results: Study indicates smoking men had significantly increased frequency of larger C- band variants on chromosome 1 and 9 as compared with nonsmoking men (p˂0.05).  The frequency of inversions revealed significant differences for variants heterochromatin of chromosome 1, 9 and to less extent 16 between smokers and nonsmokers control group and significant association (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results confirm the positive correlation between the amount of heterochromatin on chromosomes 1 and 9 and susceptibility of the smoking men to early development of cancer. Keywords: Polymorphisms, Chromosomes, Heterochromatin, Smoking