Antimicrobial effect of the aqueous and ethanolic Teucrium polium L. extracts on gram positive and gram negative bacteria “in vitro”

    The genus Teucrium (germander) belongs to the family Lamiaceae, within the subfamily Ajugoideae.Teucrium polium L. (Labiatae) has long been recognized in folk medicine in the treatment of many pathophysiological implications, such as gastrointestinal disorders, inflammations, diabetes and rheumatism. In this study antimicrobial activity of two crude extracts obtained from Teucrium polium L. was tested against bacterial species. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for both species determined by using “dilution method”. The antimicrobial effects of extracts were evaluated on Streptococcus pyogenes PTCC 1447, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1310 and Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435 by “using the method of Collins” and “disk agar diffusion method”. The results showed that aqueous and ethanolic extracts were quite effective in 2000 μg/ml concentration on Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis and were prevented from growth them on medium, while both extracts have no certain antimicrobial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In “disk agar diffusion method”, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/ml aqueous and ethanolic extracts concentrations, was inhibition effect on Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 30 and 40 mg/ml aqueous and ethanolic extracts concentrations, has inhibition effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa prevent them growing, but at 10 and 20 mg/ml concentrations, no inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed. The results indicate that ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Teucrium polium L. have the greatest effect on gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes (p<0.05).  Results showed, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Teucrium polium L., have been strong antimicrobial activity against many food pathogen bacteria

Investigating the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the Lavandula stoechas L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts on pathogen bacterias “in vitro”

     The infections risk related to pathogenic germs increases at the present time considering the increased resistance which certain microbes acquire, whose usual antibiotics are ineffective to treat the infectious disease. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lavandula stoechas L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. on Listeria monocytogenes PTCC 1297، Bacillus cereus PTCC 1154، Enterobacter aerogenes PTCC 1221، Enterococcus faecalis PTCC 1237 and Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609 ”in vitro”. In this experimental study, after collecting plants from of Razavi Khorasan province, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method, after antimicrobial effect of the extracts evaluated by two methods, “Collins method” (spreading of the extract on medium surface) and “disk agar diffusion method”. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for both species determined by using a dilution method. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA).The results show that aqueous and ethanolic Lavandula stoechas L. extracts were quite effective in 2000 μg/ml concentration on Listeria monocytogenes، Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis. The results indicate that ethanolic extracts of Lavandula stoechas L. have the greatest effect on gram-positive bacterium. The result shows that MIC of Lavandula stoechas L. leaves of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterobacter aerogenes was 32 and 16 mg/ml respectively. The result shows that MIC of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterobacter aerogenes was 128 and 64 mg/ml respectively.The Lavandula stoechas L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts presented the more effective impact on the growth of gram-positive bacteria than  gram-negative bacteria (p<0.05).

An investigation on the effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Dorema aucheri (Bilhar) on some pathogenic bacteria in vitro

       Dorema aucheri is a plant that grows in Iran. In Persian it is called (Bilhar). This experimental study was carried out at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2014. After collection and preparation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dorema aucheri (Bilhar), The antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Bilhar was evaluated against 7 laboratory strains of microorganisms, including 4 Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis) and 3 Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris). Its effects against human pathogen microorganism were determined using “Spreading of the Extract on Medium Surface” and “Disk Agar Diffusion Method”, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) were determined for this extract. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way ANOVA. The zone of inhibition for the ethanolic extract varied from 8 mm for P. aeruginosa to 24 mm for S. pyogenes and from 7 mm for P. aeruginosa to 19 mm for S.pyogenes in the aqueous extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts ranged between 2 mg/ml and 64 mg/ml while the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) ranged between 4 mg/ml and 256 mg/ml. Among of tested strains, P. aeruginosa has maximum MIC and MBC. 30 and 40 mg/mL Concentrations of Redcurrant have significant antimicrobial effect on bacteria. Antibacterial effect of extracts was decreased with decrease of extract concentration in disk. According to result, ethanolic extract of Dorema aucheri have antimicrobial effect on growth of all of the strains exposed analyzes and antimicrobial effect of that was maximum on Gram-positive bacterum of S. pyogenes. P. aeruginosa showed the highest level of resistance against the aqueous and ethanolic Bilhar extracts. The present study demonstrated that the ethanol leaf extract of Dorema aucheri hold an excellent potential as an antibacterial agent.

Antifungal potential of mangrove extracts against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium italicum

      The interest in plants antimicrobial properties has been revived because of the current problems associated with the use of antibiotics. Nowadays, the fact that microorganisms tend to develop drug resistance, besides the side effects of certain antibiotics has offered considerable potentials for the development of new effective antifungal and antioxidant agents; medicinal plants are prolific sources. Avicennia marina, commonly known as grey mangrove, is a species of mangrove tree classified in the plant family Acanthaceae. The aim of this experimental study is determination of antifungal effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Avicennia marina on Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium italicum ”in vitro”. In this study, quantitative bioassay was done using disc diffusion method, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was carried out using broth dilution methods. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Avicennia marina leaves with “antimicrobial activity method” in 2000 μg/ml, were inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium italicum. In “disk agar diffusion test” the mentioned   extract were shown inhibiti on effect on pathogenic molds growth (p<0.05). The result showed that MIC of ethanolic extract of Avicenna marina leaves for Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium italicum was 16 and 8 mg/ml respectively. The results showed that MFC of ethanolic extract of Avicenna marina for Aspergillus flavus was 32 mg/ml, and for Penicillium italicum was 16 mg/ml. Ethanolic extract compared to the aqueous extract was more effective and has a greater inhibition effect. This study showed that the extract of Avicennia marina had antifungal effects that justify their traditional use as medicinal plants. Finally, the data suggested that Avicennia marina extracts could have notable antifungal effects

DNA barcoding of Aphanius vladykovi from different habitats in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran

This study was aimed to reveal the possible cryptic diversity of the Aphanius vladykovi populations in the Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran using mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I (COI). A total of 30 specimens from the Beheshtabad River, Choghakhor and Gandoman Wetlands, and Brovi, Shalamzar, and Balagholi springs from the Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province were collected. The maximum within-population genetic distance based on K2P was 0.28% and this distance was 0.22% between populations of Gandoman and Brovi with Shalmazar, whereas the least genetic distance was observed between Choghakhor and Beheshtabad (0.09%). A total of six haplotypes were observed between the studied specimens. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) trees reconstructed and all haplotypes from A. vladykovi specimens collected from non-type localities nested in one group with A. vladykovi from Choghakhor wetland i.e. type locality. The results of this study detected no cryptic diversity in A. vladykovi inhabiting different habitats in the studied region. Hence, it is proposed to consider all the studied populations in conservation measures related to A. vladycovi

The kinematics of the magnetised protostellar core IRAS15398-3359

Observations of protostellar envelopes are essential to understand better the process of gravitational collapse toward star and planet formation. From a theoretical perspective, magnetic fields are considered an important factor during the early stages of star formation, especially during the main accretion phase. We aim to study the relation between kinematics and magnetic fields at a very early stage of the star formation process by using data from the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) single dish antenna with the angular resolution of 28". We observed the two molecular lines C18O(2-1) and DCO+(3-2), toward the Class 0 young stellar object IRAS15398-3359. We implement a multi-component Gaussian fitting on the molecular data to study the kinematics. Also, we use previous polarization observations on this source to predict the influence of the magnetic field on the core. The velocity gradient along the central object can be explained as an ongoing outflow motion. We report flowing of material from the filament toward the central object, and of the merging of two velocity components in the C18O (2-1) emission around the protostar position, probably due to the merging of filamentary clouds. Our analysis shows that the large-scale magnetic field line observed previously is preferentially aligned to the rotation axis of the core

Effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.

Herbs have been used for its medicinal properties from several thousand years ago. Herbs, essences and extracts, possess a variety level of biological activities and antimicrobial activities of a large number of them have been proved. Eucalyptus is one of these plants which the anti-virus effects of its extract has long been used to treat influenza and colds in most parts of the world. The aim of this study is evaluating antimicrobial effects of aqueous and alcoholic Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves against some of the important food pathogens. Antimicrobial effects of extracts were evaluated on Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 2592, Escherichia coli PTCC1330 and Penicillium digitatum by “using the method of Collins” and “disk agar diffusion method”. The results showed that aqueous and ethanolic extract were quite effective in 2000 μg/ml concentration on Staphylococcus aureus and Penicillium digitatum, while both extracts have no certain antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli. In “disk agar diffusion method” 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/ml aqueous and ethanolic extract concentrations, was inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Penicillium digitatum, and 60 and 80 mg/ml aqueous and ethanolic extract concentrations, has deterrent effect on Escherichia coli, but at 20 and 40 mg/ml concentrations, no inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli was observed. Minimum Inhibitory Cconcentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for bacteria and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) for fungi were performed. The results indicate that ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves have the greatest effect on gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Escherichia coli were resistant to most of the aqueous and ethanolic Eucalyptus camaldulensis extracts. In conclusion, using Eucalyptus as a natural antimicrobial compounds in vitro have considerable antimicrobial ability over the studied strains.

Antimicrobial effects of Kelussia odoratissima extracts against food borne and food spoilage bacteria "in vitro"

The aim of this paper was to investigate the antibacterial potential of Kelussia odoratissima Mozff extract against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Karafs-eKoohi with the scientific name of Kelussia odoratissima is an Iranian endemic edible plant in the middle region of Iran with enormous use as food, spice and medicinal herb. The antibacterial effect of the extracts was investigated using pour plate and disk diffusion methods. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC( and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also studied using the dilution method. Repeated measure ANOVA was used for data analysis. The results showed that in disk diffusion method all concentrations of ethanolic extract had inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC( of Kelussia odoratissima leaves of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 16 and 8 mg/ml, and for Enterobacter aerogenes were 32 and 16 mg/ml, respectively. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Kelussia odoratissima leaves of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 32 and 16 mg/ml, and for Enterobacter aerogenes were 64 and 32mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the extract of Kelussia odoratissima had a satisfactory antimicrobial activity and the ethanolic extract of Kelussia odoratissima leaves had greater inhibitory effects on the strains studied compared to aqueous extract in vitro. A significant correlation was also observed between zone of inhibition and concentration of extracts

Antimicrobial effect of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) containing aqueous and ethanolic Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. leaves extract against Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Oil from the eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) is used today in many over the counter cough and cold products, to relieve congestion. Eucalyptus oil is also used in creams and ointments to relieve muscle and joint pain, and in some mouthwashes. In this study Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extracted with water and ethanol 96°and the antimicrobial effects of extracts were evaluated by “using the method of Collins” and “disk agar diffusion method”. Antimicrobial properties of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) films containing 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/ml concentration of the extract studied against on Streptococcus pyogenes PTCC 1447, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1310 and Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435. The results showed that aqueous and alcoholic extract were quite effective in 2000 μg/ml concentration on Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis and have inhibition effect, while both extracts have no certain antimicrobial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves were performed for each microorganism. Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for bacteria was performed using the dilution method. The edible films containing mangrove extract presented more effective impact on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p<0.05). The result indicates extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves have the greatest effect on gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. As a result, aqueous and ethanloic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves, have been strong antimicrobial activity against many food pathogen bacteri