Isolation and identification of differentially expressed genes between Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium hirsutum species

Plants have evolved sophisticated molecular defense mechanisms in order to survive disease conditions. So far, a number of pathogen resistance (R) genes have been reported in plants. These R genes are thought to be involved in activating the signals that lead to disease resistance. The structural specificity of R genes products makes it possible to isolate these genes from plants by homology based techniques. Knowledge regarding molecular organization of R genes in cotton is limited and other resistant gene analogues (RGAs) still need to be identified for Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) resistance, particularly from Gossypium arboreum. This study has, therefore, been designed to identify the natural resistance related genes from Gossypium arboreum against CLCuV. In addition to G.arboreum (resistant to CLCuV), G. hirsutum L. var S12 (highly susceptible to CLCuV), G. hirsutum L.var. CP15/2 and LRA (partially resistant to CLCuV) were used as reference controls to facilitate identification of defense related genes. This paper describes several differentially expressed transcripts through DDRT-PCR on total RNA from G. arboreum and some other tetraploid cotton species. The nucleotide sequence of these genes, when compared to the reported database, indicated that some of the differentially expressed transcripts had homology to the reported R-genes.Key words: Pathogen resistance genes (R-genes), G. arboreum, differential display, cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV), RT-PCR

Study of total seed storage protein in indigenous Brassica species based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)

Genetic diversity was studied in 234 accessions of locally collected Brassica species for total seed protein content through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). These accessions were collected from different locations of Pakistan. After the study of these accessions on SDS-PAGE, 28 reproducible bands were used for cluster analysis and with the help of these bands, genetic diversity were estimated. Out of 28, four major bands were observed. Dendogram was constructed and the accessions were divided into two main groups comprising 11 clusters. The results obtained from these clusters showed minimum genetic diversity in these accessions on SDS-PAGE level. Due to low genetic diversity on SDS-PAGE level, it is suggested that two dimensional (2D)- electrophoresis can be used for protein study.Key words: Genetic variation, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), protein electrophoresis, cluster analysis, brassica

Self-esteem: A Gender based analysis

Self-esteem refers to the amount of realistic respect that you have for yourself. It is important for a person to have an elated profile in order to lead a contented and successful life, both at the personal and professional level. People with low self-esteems often suffer from a feeling of discontentment. A person with a high profile has the realization that he/she can make achievements and can lead a successful life. On the other hand, a person with low profile possesses low desiring level with minimum achievements. In this study the topic is categorically elaborated especially that how male and female consider their self-esteem accordingly. The data was collected from the both genders; all of them were students of MBA and MPA department, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan. To fulfill the purpose, the independent variables were utilized to reach the conclusion. Keywords: Gender, Self-esteem, MBA`s, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Kha

The Impact of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction on the ITL of Academicians in HEIs of Developing Countries like Pakistan

Academicians are the role model of the system, accountable for producing specialized workforce for the poverty reduction and economic growth of any country. In the background of the developing countries like Pakistan, this role becomes more prominent. In this “Review Article” we endeavor to explore the consequences of organizational commitment and job satisfaction on intention to leave (ITL) of academicians in Higher Educational institutions (HEIs) of Pakistan with a view to construct a ‘Research Model’ on the issue, grounded in the contemporary research. This article stated the effect of job related factors (pay, supervision, promotion, working condition, co-workers) on job satisfaction. It is acknowledged from the present study that organizational commitment and job satisfaction have depressing impact on intention to leave and negatively related to each other. The literature also explores the fact that job related issues do effect the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the Academicians. Keywords: Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, Factors of Job satisfaction, ITL, Public Sector Universities

Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: A study of internet banking

Objective of the research is how to manage the service quality in internet banking to improve the customer’s satisfaction and to examine the different dimensions of service quality to relate them with expectation of customers. A detailed literature review related to this study was also mentioned to develop a reference list of related authors. Methodology used for this research is to conduct a survey through structured questionnaire. A quantitative research is carried out by using a structured questionnaire to get a better understanding of this issue. Empirical data were collected through survey of the employees or professionals using internet banking services. Data presentation and analysis was done according to frame of reference and applied statistical tool SPSS. Descriptive Statistics, Correlation and Regression tools were used for analysis purpose. Results have shown that service quality dimensions used in the research are better representative of the customers’ satisfaction regarding internet usage.     Keywords: E-banking, Service Quality, Efficiency, Reliability, Responsiveness and Privac

The Employee`s empowerment strategies in the Financial institutions of the Developing countries

The main emphasis of this article was to examine and elaborate the implications of the employee`s empowerment regarding the financial institutions of the developing countries. Strategies should be devised which can provide an insight about the employee`s empowerment and elaborating the key factors leading towards it. Empowerment is a kind of process which can be explained under the heads of cultural empowerment, sharing of information, enhancement of competency level, vesting autonomy to an extent, provision of resources and betterment of supportive measures. The benefits of employee`s empowerment were being categorized and the constraints in this regard as well. Theoretical foundations of the employee’s empowerment were examined in the literature extensively thus providing a sound framework about the subject. The focus of this study is to conclude that on the part of the employee, his/her empowerment is a key towards innovation, competency and modernization in the contemporary corporate culture. Employers of the both public and the private sectors do aspire to bring about certain changes in the working format of their employees. Still, the phenomenon of empowerment is hindered by the vested interests of the employers and other stakeholders around. This study is an effort to make the employer and the employee both well abreast of almost all the prerequisites, implications and the benefits of the empowerment, especially in the financial institutions. Keywords: Employee`s empowerment, financial institutions, Developing countrie

Determining the impact of Job satisfaction and Organizational commitment on ITL among the Teachers of HEIs in the Developing countries

The commitment of HEI`s academicians is a core issue, widely discussed and analyzed in the contemporary world, digitally connected. The phenomenon of organizational commitment has acquired such an importance that the socio-economic researchers have to broaden the sphere of their research beyond the traditional findings. In this regard, the employee/teacher has to survive multi-dimensional problems during the pursuit of his/her professional career. The gist of this “Review Article” is not only to elaborate the traditional causes and implications of the OC regarding job satisfaction and ITL rather certain very specific and related issues have also been evaluated in the present work. Presently, in the academically charged environment, the main focus of the HEIs is to workout upon the remedial measures to make the status of the teacher job`s not only affordable but sustainable as well. From the socio-economic view, the phenomenon of OC and ITL both has a strong linkage with the job environment. How and why a teacher may survive in his /her institution, when the ITL can crop up, why the teacher is not satisfied from his/her job, under which circumstances the said teacher wants to switchover are the main heads of the present article. The main emphasis of this work commences from the reasons and implications of job dissatisfaction leading to ITL and thus hampering the commitment level. The review of the related literature provides the basis for the “theoretical framework” upon which the research model stands. This study examines the relationship of OC and job satisfaction as independent variable and the ITL as the dependent variable. Employee’s switchover incurs some very serious and lasting impact upon the social and financial credibility of the institution. Keywords: Organizational commitment, Job satisfaction, Intention to Leave, Academicians of HEI

Keloid Disease Can Be Inhibited by Antagonizing Excessive mTOR Signaling With a Novel Dual TORC1/2 Inhibitor

Keloid disease (KD) is a fibroproliferative lesion of unknown etiopathogenesis that possibly targets the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. We investigated whether PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor, Palomid 529 (P529), which targets both mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC-1) and mTORC-2 signaling, could exert anti-KD effects in a novel KD organ culture assay and in keloid fibroblasts (KF). Treatment of KF with P529 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited cell spreading, attachment, proliferation, migration, and invasive properties at a low concentration (5 ng/mL) and induced substantial KF apoptosis when compared with normal dermal fibroblasts. P529 also inhibited hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression and completely suppressed Akt, GSK3β, mTOR, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, and S6 phosphorylation. P529 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D and caused considerable apoptosis. Compared with rapamycin and wortmannin, P529 also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced keloid-associated phenotypic markers in KF. P529 caused tissue shrinkage, growth arrest, and apoptosis in keloid organ cultures and substantially inhibited angiogenesis. pS6, pAkt-Ser473, and mTOR phosphorylation were also suppressed in situ. P529 reduced cellularity and expression of collagen, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin (substantially more than rapamycin). These pre-clinical in vitro and ex vivo observations are evidence that the mTOR pathway is a promising target for future KD therapy and that the dual PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor P529 deserves systematic exploration as a candidate agent for the future treatment of KD

GROWTH COMPARISON OF EXOTIC SPECIES FOR GREEN FORAGE

Abstract Growth of exotic fodder crops (grasses and clovers) were compared in pots at Agronomy Research Farm, Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa Agricultural University, Peshawar. Initially 20 seeds was planted on 22.10.2005 and thinned out after emergence by leaving 10 seedlings pot -1 (30 x 50 cm). Clover&apos;s seeds were soaked overnight (&gt;14 h) before sowing. Compound fertilizer (100, 60, 30) and (30, 60, 30) kg ha -1 N, P, and K were applied to grasses and clovers, respectively after thinning. Pots were manually irrigated. Biomass of pots was periodically harvested for dry matter after taking measurements of green leaf area index (GLAI) and light interception. Crop growth rate (CGR) was derived as ratio of dry matter and time-taken as growing degree days (GDD O C). LAI was measured non-destructively using LI-2000, LI-COR, USA. Radiation use efficiency (RUE) was derived from weather data and measurements made during the crop growth. The highest dry matter (1685 g m -2 ) was observed for Lolium multiflorum, followed by Lolium perenne (791 g m -2 ) and Dactylis glomerata (631 g m -2 ). GLAI were also recorded the highest for the species Lolium multiflorum (4.07) and Lolium perenne (3.93) with non-significant difference from each other. The highest dry matter of the grasses was in agreement to higher CGR and RUE. Grass species Lolium multiflorum yielded the highest CGR (1.06 g DM O C GDD) and RUE (3.41 g DM MJ -1 PAR absorbed) with strong positive relationship (r 2 = 0.95). Lolium perenne was next to yield 0.47 g DM GDD -1 ( O C) and RUE 1.63 g DM MJ -1 PAR absorbed. Rests of the grass species were found un-comparable for any observed parameter. Among the clovers, Trifolium repense was higher in dry matter (510 g m -2 ) yielded 1.10 g DM GDD -1 and RUE 0.71 g DM MJ -1 PAR absorption. From the study, it can be concluded that ryegrasses has potential to plant as green fodder in mix cultivation with local clovers on irrigated rangelands. Moreover, slow growth of fodder on arable land in early winter months can be improved through selection of an appropriate exotic grass/clover to be sown in combination with local types for the area

The Psychological and Socio-economic Status of the Clientele: Its impact upon the sale’s value of the product.

In the present corporate culture, the socio-economic status coupled with the psychological approach of the consumer is the defining indicators in determining the sale value of every product. The selection and the purchase of any product reflect the social and the psychological profile of the customer. Presently, in the economic perspectives, the society is bifurcated in different Statas. The ultra-rich class, the rich, the middle class and last but not the least there is a class of the society who visits the market rarely. Every class among the mentioned prefers to purchase the product according to their lifestyle. Accordingly, even the outlet of different brands bears different price tags in the different markets. In this regard, it has been observed that the customers opt for that market which matches his/her lifestyle. This entire phenomenon manifests the socio-economic status and ultimately the behavior of the clientele. Keywords: Consumer Buying Behavior (CBB), Psychological &amp; Socio-economic factor