VENNTURE–A Novel Venn Diagram Investigational Tool for Multiple Pharmacological Dataset Analysis

As pharmacological data sets become increasingly large and complex, new visual analysis and filtering programs are needed to aid their appreciation. One of the most commonly used methods for visualizing biological data is the Venn diagram. Currently used Venn analysis software often presents multiple problems to biological scientists, in that only a limited number of simultaneous data sets can be analyzed. An improved appreciation of the connectivity between multiple, highly-complex datasets is crucial for the next generation of data analysis of genomic and proteomic data streams. We describe the development of VENNTURE, a program that facilitates visualization of up to six datasets in a user-friendly manner. This program includes versatile output features, where grouped data points can be easily exported into a spreadsheet. To demonstrate its unique experimental utility we applied VENNTURE to a highly complex parallel paradigm, i.e. comparison of multiple G protein-coupled receptor drug dose phosphoproteomic data, in multiple cellular physiological contexts. VENNTURE was able to reliably and simply dissect six complex data sets into easily identifiable groups for straightforward analysis and data output. Applied to complex pharmacological datasets, VENNTURE’s improved features and ease of analysis are much improved over currently available Venn diagram programs. VENNTURE enabled the delineation of highly complex patterns of dose-dependent G protein-coupled receptor activity and its dependence on physiological cellular contexts. This study highlights the potential for such a program in fields such as pharmacology, genomics, and bioinformatics

Cellular context modification of downstream receptor signaling activity in SH-SY5Y cells.

<p>(A) Comparison of phosphoprotein/GO term group/canonical signaling pathway activation in the non-stimulated (blue circle) and multiple MeCh-stimulated conditions (red circles) in either control-state (solid line) or CMP-state (dashed lines) SH-SY5Y cells. (B) Summary of potential non-stimulated and MeCh-induced signaling functionality (aggregate of highest-scoring GO-term group and canonical signaling pathway enrichments) in a dose-dependent manner compared between control-state or CMP-state cells.</p

VENNTURE analysis of log dose-response ligand data in diverse cellular contexts.

<p>VENNTURE Venn diagram set distribution analysis (1–63 set intersections) of extracted phosphoproteins in the stimulated or non-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells in the control state (‘Control’ - A) or peroxide-treated state (‘CMP’ - B). Specific column color coding is as follows: blue - phosphoproteins unique to non-stimulated state only, red – phosphoproteins unique to a specific MeCh stimulation dose only; grey – phosphoproteins common to multiple MeCh doses but not present in the non-stimulated set; black – phosphoproteins common to multiple MeCh doses also present in the non-stimulated set; green – phosphoproteins common to all doses and the non-stimulated set. GO term enrichment analysis was performed using the initial phosphoprotein sets from cells in the control or CMP-treated states. The significantly enriched (p≤0.05) GO term groups for each non-stimulated or MeCh-stimulated set were then separated using VENNTURE in a similar manner to the actual phosphoprotein identifications. VENNTURE Venn diagram set distribution analysis of GO term groups significantly populated by the extracted phosphoproteins in the control state (C) or CMP-state (D) cells is depicted. Color-coding of the histogram is as described previously. Canonical signaling pathway enrichment analysis was also performed using the initial phosphoprotein sets from cells in the control or CMP-treated states. The significantly enriched (p≤0.05) canonical signaling pathways for each non-stimulated or MeCh-stimulated set were then separated using VENNTURE in a similar manner to the actual phosphoprotein identifications. VENNTURE Venn diagram set distribution analysis of the canonical signaling pathways significantly populated by the extracted phosphoproteins in the control state (E) or CMP-state (F) cells is depicted.</p

VENNTURE data input and output scenarios.

<p>Simplistic data (two set analysis) input into VENNTURE is achieved using an Excel™ input file. The data representation type can be selected using a drop-down menu for numerical set analysis, set order demonstration for eventual output and also textual set content. The resultant set data output can be directly generated for PowerPoint™ (Venn diagram) and Excel™ (dataset descriptions).</p

Chronic minimal peroxide-mediated alteration of protein expression and ligand responses.

<p>(A) Representative western immunoblot (IB) analysis of control (PBS-vehicle treated) or CMP treatment (7 days, 10 nM hydrogen peroxide treatment) effects upon cellular expression of lamin A (LMNA), G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting ArfGAP 2 (GIT2), calreticulin (CALR) and calmodulin (CALM1). Quantification of CMP-mediated expression changes of LMNA (B), GIT2 (C), CALM1 (D) and CALR (E). Quantification was achieved as follows: western blot relative absorbance units (x1000) minus background absorbance subtraction per square pixel: ((AU-B)/px²). Quantification was performed using ImageQuant 5.2 and statistical analysis was performed on three independent experiments using GraphPad Prism version 5.02 with a Student’s t-test (p<0.05, *; p<0.01, **; p<0.001, ***). Data is represented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). (F) Log dose-response curves for acetyl-β-methycholine (MeCh)-mediated ERK1/2 activation in control (black circles) or CMP-treated (white square) cells. (G) Response-normalized MeCh ERK1/2 log dose-response curves. The maximal response for MeCh in each cellular context (control versus CMP) was considered to be 100% in each circumstance. Each experimental point on the curves (fitted using sigmoidal dose-response functions in GraphPad Prism) represents the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments.</p

Anticancer pan-ErbB inhibitors reduce inflammation and tissue injury and exert broad-spectrum antiviral effects.

Targeting host factors exploited by multiple viruses could offer broad-spectrum solutions for pandemic preparedness. Seventeen candidates targeting diverse functions emerged in a screen of 4,413 compounds for SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. We demonstrated that lapatinib and other approved inhibitors of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases suppress replication of SARS-CoV-2, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and other emerging viruses with a high barrier to resistance. Lapatinib suppressed SARS-CoV-2 entry and later stages of the viral life cycle and showed synergistic effect with the direct-acting antiviral nirmatrelvir. We discovered that ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB4 bind SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein and regulate viral and ACE2 internalization, and they are required for VEEV infection. In human lung organoids, lapatinib protected from SARS-CoV-2-induced activation of ErbB-regulated pathways implicated in non-infectious lung injury, proinflammatory cytokine production, and epithelial barrier injury. Lapatinib suppressed VEEV replication, cytokine production, and disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity in microfluidics-based human neurovascular units, and reduced mortality in a lethal infection murine model. We validated lapatinib-mediated inhibition of ErbB activity as an important mechanism of antiviral action. These findings reveal regulation of viral replication, inflammation, and tissue injury via ErbBs and establish a proof of principle for a repurposed, ErbB-targeted approach to combat emerging viruses