Comparison of Serum Lipoproteins in non-pregnant women of reproductive age group with normal pregnant women without PIH and pregnant women with PIH

Aim: To evaluate the levels of Serum Lipoproteins in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, Patna. Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India from July 2019 to January 2020. Total 300 patients include 100 non-pregnant,100 pregnant and 100 PIH cases. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglyceride levels were evaluated for each of the three groups. Results: In the present study there was no significant difference in serum cholesterol levels between group I (normal, non-pregnant women) and group II (normal pregnant women). However, a significant difference was observed between group I and group III (pregnancy with PIH) the P values being<0.001. The serum cholesterol levels in group III were significantly higher than those in group I. However, there was a significant difference in serum cholesterol levels between group II and group III. The P value being <0.001. Conclusion: Pregnancy induced hypertension is a frequent complication during pregnancy which if advanced may be fatal for both mother and foetus. Endothelial damage might involve elevated serum triglycerides which may have a value that can be used as screening markers in early stages of pregnancy leading to preeclampsia in future. Keywords: Lipid profile, PIH, pregnanc

A study to evaluate the role of lipid profile in a patient with cirrhosis and to assess its relationship to the severity of cirrhosis.

Aim: to determine role of lipid profile in a patient with cirrhosis and to assess its relationship to the severity of cirrhosis. Methods The present study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Patna. Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India from June 2019 to December 2019. Serum lipid profile was observed in these patients. Results: Mean total cholesterol in cirrhotic study group was 144.47+16.10 and in control group was 160.61+15.65. Mean of total cholesterol was higher in control group than in study group that was statistically significant as p value < .00001. Mean LDL cholesterol in cirrhotic study group was 81.50+14.27 and in control group was 91.96+17.75. Mean of LDL cholesterol was higher in control group than in study group that was statistically significant as p value 0.0012. Conclusions: Serum cholesterol and HDL level decreases with progression of cirrhosis. In future serum lipid profile can be used in classification criteria for assessing severity of liver cirrhosis. Keywords: Chronic liver disease, Lipid profile, Severity of liver cirrhosi

Study of evaluation of renal function in patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism and to correlate these values with the thyroid profile of the patients.

Aim: to analyse the changes in biochemical markers of renal function in patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism and to correlate these values with the thyroid profile of the patients Methods: The present analytical cross-sectional was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Patna. Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India from April  2019 to November  2019. The study includes 100 subclinical hypothyroid patients and 100 overt hypothyroidism (OHT) cases, 200 euthyroid patients (ET). Thyroid function test, serum creatinine and eGFR were measured in all the three groups. Results: There is no significance change in age group among the three groups. We found significant difference in the mean of TSH, free T3. Free T4, serum creatinine and eGFR among the three groups (p < 0.05). Patients suffering from OHT have the highest percentage of increase in serum creatinine in comparison to other  two  groups.  the maximum percentage of patients having decreased GFR(<90  mg/ml/m2)  belongs to the group of patients with OHT and the maximum percentage of patients having normal eGFR belongs to the group of patients with euthyroid condition.The positive significant correlations of Creatinine with TSH (p<0.05) and the negative significant correlations of eGFR with TSH (p<0.05). There is a poor correlation of creatinine and eGFR with thyroid hormones (p>0.05). There is negative significant correlations of creatinine with Free T4 (p< 0.05) and the positive correlations of eGFR with Free T4 (p< 0.05). There is poor correlation of creatinine and eGFR with Free T3 (p>0.05). Conclusions: the renal function and thyroid function are interrelated with each other in SCH cases. SCH patients should be monitored for renal parameters regularly to prevent long term complications. Early diagnosis and early treatment of the disease and can increase the quality of life. Keywords: Overt hypothyroidism, Renal function tests, Subclinical hypothyroidism, Thyroid function test

A study of the correlation between vitamin B12, folic acid and ferritin with thyroid hormones in hypothyroidism

Background: Thyroid hormones are required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. Thyroid gland disorders are the second most abundant endocrinal disorders after diabetes. A decreased thyroid hormone adversely affects erythropoietic system causes anaemia. Aim: The Aim and objective of the study was to compare the vitamin B12, Folate and Ferritin with thyroid hormones in hypothyroidism. Methods: In the present study, total 350 samples were included in which 175 were hypothyroid patients and 175 were normal individuals of age group between 15-65 years. Measurements of serum concentrations of Total T3, Total T4, TSH, Vitamin B12, Folate and Ferritin were done using Chemiluminiscence Immunosorbant Assay. Results: Serum TSH levels were significantly increased in Hypothyroidism as compared to normal individual (7.42±1.75 vs 2.72±1.28, p<0.0001*). The total T3 level was significantly decreased in Hypothyroidism in comparison to normal individual (0.43±0.41 vs 1.30±0.29, p<0.0001*). Similarly, total T4 level was significantly decrease in Hypothyroidism in comparison to normal individual (3.60±1.38 vs. 6.62±1.11, p<0.0001*). Level of Vitamin B12 was significantly decreased in Hypothyroidism in comparison to normal individual (210.45±129.30 vs 483.93±264.74, p<0.0001*). Folate was significantly decreased in Hypothyroidism as compared to normal (2.51±0.99 vs 6.67±0.83, p<0.0001*).&nbsp

A Study of Thyroid Profile and Vitamin D Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Introduction: Non-communicable disease continues to be an imperative public health problem in India, leading to substantial increase in mortality and morbidity. Among these, Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension are increasing at an alarming rate. T2DM increases the risk of thyroid dysfunction in the long-term.T2DM and hypothyroidism is the primary reasons for mortality and morbidity in most high income and developing countries. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional single centre study was conducted among 100 patients with T2DM attending a tertiary care centre between January 2019 to June 2019. Eligible patients were 20 years or older. Exclusion criteria were known hepatic or renal disease, metabolic bone disease, malabsorption, hypercortisolism, pregnancy and medications influencing bone metabolism. The serum concentration of 25-OHD was measured by competitive protein binding assay using kits (Immunodiagnostic, Bensheim, Germany). Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) was defined as serum 25-OHD concentration <50 nmol/L.Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by the high performance liquid chromatography method (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Waters, MA, USA). TSH levels between 0.22-4.2 mIU/L were regarded normal. Participants were divided to three subgroups according to their TSH level (below <0.22 mIU/L, 0.22-4.2 mIU/L and >4.2 mIU/L). Study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board. Data are presented as means±standard deviation (SD) and numbers. Results: A total of 100 participants were included in this study. Average age of the study population was 50.1±17.3 years and females predominated males. Vitamin D Deficiency was found in 49% of the participants. In 5% of the cases, TSH was lower than 0.22 mIU/L and in 75%, TSH was within normal reference range. Abnormally high levels of TSH (>4.2 mIU/L) were reported in 20% of participants. Conclusion: The present study shows high prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency levels among diabetic patients and there was a positive association between the VDD and TSH level among T2DM patients

Study on Adiponectin Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Cases

Introduction: Low adiponectin levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have been largely attributed to obesity which is common among these patients. In addition, evidence also suggests that low adiponectin in PCOS may be related to insulin resistance (IR) in these women. However, studies on the role of adiponectin in younger and lean patients are limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the association of adiponectin levels in young and lean women with PCOS.Methodology: This case control study included 75 participants for each.75 women for cases were included who had PCOS. This study was carried in Department of Biochemistry & Department of Obs/Gynae in Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar. The duration of study was over a period of two years.Results: The result of this study revealed that adiponectin level <13.0 in 27 PCOS cases and in 45 healthy participants, rest were having >13.0 adiponectin level. Conclusion: This study concludes that the serum adiponectin levels can be used as a potential independent biomarker for diagnosis of PCOS

A Study of the Correlation Between Vitamin B12, Folic Acid and Ferritin with Thyroid Hormones in Hypothyroidism

Background: Thyroid hormones are required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. Thyroid gland disorders are the second most abundant endocrinal disorders after diabetes. A decreased thyroid hormone adversely affects erythropoietic system causes anaemia. Aim: The Aim and objective of the study was to compare the vitamin B12, Folate and Ferritin with thyroid hormones in hypothyroidism. Methods: In the present study, total 350 samples were included in which 175 were hypothyroid patients and 175 were normal individuals of age group between 15-65 years. Measurements of serum concentrations of Total T3, Total T4, TSH, Vitamin B12, Folate and Ferritin were done using Chemiluminiscence Immunosorbant Assay. Results: Serum TSH levels were significantly increased in Hypothyroidism as compared to normal individual (7.42±1.75 vs 2.72±1.28, p<0.0001*). The total T3 level was significantly decreased in Hypothyroidism in comparison to normal individual (0.43±0.41 vs 1.30±0.29, p<0.0001*). Similarly, total T4 level was significantly decrease in Hypothyroidism in comparison to normal individual (3.60±1.38 vs. 6.62±1.11, p<0.0001*). Level of Vitamin B12 was significantly decreased in Hypothyroidism in comparison to normal individual (210.45±129.30 vs 483.93±264.74, p<0.0001*). Folate was significantly decreased in Hypothyroidism as compared to normal (2.51±0.99 vs 6.67±0.83, p<0.0001*).&nbsp

Forecasting Indian Goods and Services Tax revenue using TBATS, ETS, Neural Networks, and hybrid time series models

AbstractThis study focuses on the crucial task of forecasting tax revenue for India, specifically the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which plays a pivotal role in fiscal spending and taxation policymaking. Practically, the GST time series datasets exhibit linear and non-linear fluctuations due to the dynamic economic environment, changes in tax rates and tax base, and tax non-compliance, posing challenges for accurate forecasting. Traditional time-series forecasting methods like ARIMA, assuming linearity, often yield inaccurate results. To address this, we explore alternative forecasting models, including Trigonometric Seasonality Box-Cox Transformation ARIMA errors Trend Seasonal components (TBATS) and Neural Networks: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Neural Networks for Autoregression (NNAR), which capture both linear and non-linear relationships. First, we test single time series models like Exponential Smoothing (ETS), TBATS, ANN, and NNAR. Second, we also test hybrid models combining linear models, non-linear models, and neural network models. The findings reveal that the Hybrid Theta-TBATS model offers superior forecasting accuracy, challenging recent research favouring neural network models. The study highlights the effectiveness of advanced non-linear models, particularly TBATS and its hybridisations with linear models, in GST revenue forecasting. Our study also found that the single TBATS is the second-best model, which offers better forecasting accuracy. These insights have significant implications for policymakers and researchers in taxation and fiscal planning, emphasising the need to incorporate non-linear dynamics and advanced modelling techniques to enhance the accuracy of GST revenue forecasts