Assessment of Clindamycin and Erythromycin Resistance, and Inducible Clindamycin Resistance in Streptococcus Group B Isolated from Urinary Samples of Outpatient Women in Tehran

Background: Streptococcus group B (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is typically associated with neonatal disease and infection in pregnant women. Mortality of GBS sepsis in neonates is over 50% and is particularly high in preterm infants. GBS also causes invasive infection in pregnant and non-pregnant women including urinary tract infection (UTI). Penicillin-derived antibiotics remained as choice drugs for treatment of GBS infection; however, Erythromycin and Clindamycin are useful in cases of allergic to Penicillin. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance to Erythromycin and Clindamycin, especially inducible Clindamycin resistance, in GBS isolated from urinary samples of women who attended medical offices in Tehran, Iran.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 5000 urine samples from Jan. 2011 to Oct. 2012 that 104 GBS were isolated. The isolates were identified as GBS using laboratory criteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by Erythromycin disk 15µg and Clindamycin disk 2µg for observation inducible resistant D-zone test by double-disk diffusion method with Erythromycin and adjacent Clindamycin.Results: Among the 5000 urine samples 104 (2.08%) were Beta hemolytic GBS. Of the 104 isolated GBS, 22 (21.2%) were resistance, 24 (23%) were intermediate, and 58 (55.8%) were susceptible to Erythromycin; however, 24 (23%) were resistance, 5 (4.8%) were intermediate, and 75 (72.2%) were susceptible to Clindamycin. Of the 22 Erythromycin-resistant isolates, 10 (9.5% in total GBS isolated) displayed the D zone; it means they have inducible Erythromycin resistant to Clindamycin.Conclusion: Various studies in other countries report lower rates of inducible Clindamycin resistance; it indicates the use of more macrolides in the treatment of UTI

Investigation of physical properties of Fe3O4/Au-Ag@MoS2 nanoparticles on heat distribution in cancerous liver tissue

Liver cancer has significantly grown in recent years, and thus its mortality rate has also increased since its symptoms appear to be in malignant stages and the treatment path at this stage is extremely challenging. New therapies based on producing heat in cancerous tissues have opened up a new way to treat cancer. This study investigated the treatment of liver cancer by the magnetic hyperthermia approach and nanoparticles (NPs) such as iron oxide ( $F{e}_{3}{O}_{4}$ ) core with gold (Au), silver (Ag) alloy shell, and molybdenum disulfide ( $Mo{S}_{2}$ ) coating. The optical properties of these NPs within the tumor, including the extinction coefficient and surface plasmon peak (SPR) as a function of size, structure, different compositions, and thickness, were also examined using the effective medium theory, followed by assessing the impact of temperature distribution through the analytical modeling of an alternating current magnetic field. The results demonstrated that NPs with a compound of $F{e}_{3}{O}_{4}-A{u}_{0.25}A{g}_{0.75}@Mo{S}_{2},$ a 3 nm thick cover of Au-Ag alloy, and two layers of $Mo{S}_{2}$ have the best coefficient of extinction and SPR in the biological window. The Au-Ag alloy improved the extinction coefficient and simultaneously prevented the accumulation of magnetic NPs. Considering that the Au-Ag alloy alone cannot function within the range of biological windows, $Mo{S}_{2}$ was used, which increased the extinction efficiency at higher wavelengths. The examination of the temperature distribution in the tumor for the proposed alloy compound indicated that after a short time from irradiation initiation, the tumor temperature reaches 45 °C. Further, the temperature distribution within the tumor tissue reached its maximum value at the center of the tumor and decreased dramatically while getting away from the center. Finally, the use of magnetic hyperthermia enabled localized delivery of therapeutic doses to malignant tumors, thereby representing superior performance and efficiency over the photothermal method

The Relationship between Cognitive-Behavioral Skills and Mother-Child Interaction with Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children with ADHD

Introduction: Nowadays, the main focus of modern researches in the field of ADHD has been on the area of comorbid disorders and reducing their symptoms. In this regard, cognitive-behavioral therapies have tried to reduce the symptoms by using methods such as self-control, problem-solving, and social skills. Given the important role of the family, the present study investigated the pre-assumptions of the treatment by addressing the structural relationships between the social skills, problem-solving skills, and self-control with the symptoms of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorders in the children with ADHD and the mediating role of the mother-child interaction. Methods: This study was performed on 104 male models, fourth to sixth grade students of the elementary school in Yazd, Iran. In this study, the Child Symptom Inventory, Child-Parent Relationship Scale, Problem-Solving Inventory, Self-Control Rating Scale, and Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with youngsters were used. The results were analyzed with path analysis by SPSS software version 23. Results:  Findings showed that problem-solving skills, self-control skills, social skills, and mother-child interaction can explain 75% of the variance of CD and 71% of the variance of ODD in the model. In another section of the analysis, the findings showed that the effect of problem-solving and self-control skills on the mother-child interaction was significant, but the social skills had no significant effect on the mother-child interaction. Also, the problem-solving variable can affect the CD through the mediating variable in the mother-child interaction, and also has a direct relationship with the current disorder but does not have a significant effect on ODD. The self-control variable in addition to its direct relationship to disorder can affect CD and ODD through the mother-child interaction. Conclusion: Self-control, problem-solving, and social skills are associated with the symptoms of behavioral disorders in the children with ADHD, and can be used in designing cognitive-behavioral therapy packages, and also the way the mother and child interact, is effective in this type of treatments