Prevalence of Camel Mastitis and Its Associated Risk Factors in and around Garowe District, Puntland, Somalia

Mastitis is one of the main issues that cause economic inefficiencies in dairy farms. It has numerous infectious and non-infectious origins and is divided into clinical and subclinical forms. A cross sectional study of camel mastitis was conducted on 88 lactating camels from Garowe District Puntland between May to August 2023 to estimate the prevalence and causes of mastitis, as well the risk factors involved on disease. Prevalence of mastitis was assessed by using California mastitis test (CMT) and bacterial cultured. The overall prevalence of mastitis at animal level was camels examined for mastitis was found a prevalence of 39.7% (35/88) in the current study. The overall quarter level prevalence was 47.7% (168/352). Among these 10(11.4%) and 25(28.4%) were found to be positive with clinical and sub-clinical mastitis respectively, based on clinical examination and mastitis indicator paper (Table 2). Regarding Result analysis showed that there was a statistically significant association (P<0.05) among four the risk factors (tick infected, wound stage of lactation and poor hygienic). Tick infestation and udder lesions were significantly associated with camel mastitis (P < 0.05). Bacteriological examination of CMT along with bacteriological culture methods were used. The study cultured a positive camel milk samples revealed that Staphylococcus spp was the major causative agents for both clinical and sub clinical camel mastitis (45.7%) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (25.7%), E. coli (14.3%), Klebsiella spp. (8.6%) and Micrococcus (5.7%) respectively. The study demonstrated that camel mastitis is a problem which warrants appropriate control measures in order to improve the health of camels and quality of camel milk production in the study area. The isolation of genera of pathogenic bacteria from the camel milk samples suggests the need for strict hygienic measures during the production and handling of camel milk to reduce public health hazards. Furthermore, public education should be given to improve their awareness about the importance of proper herd health management and hygienic milking practices. In order to minimize the adverse effect of mastitis on the yield, quality of milk and zoonotic impact of the pathogen. The prevalence of camel mastitis in the study area was found to be significantly high. Therefore, implementation of integrated approaches has great importance in the study sites for the prevention and control of mastitis hence minimizing economic loss and prevents significant public health risks.&nbsp

Determinants of Export Performance in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from South Asia

The idea that trade is important for economic growth dates back to the nineteenth century when classical economists like Adam Smith, Ricardo, John Stuart Mill etc. advocated the favourable effects of international trade on output. Since then a rich body of both theoretical and empirical literature has evolved with regards to exports and trade policy. Within this overall literature, two competing approaches that can be broadly identified are Import Substitution industrialisation (IS) and Export-Led (EL) growth. According to the EL growth hypothesis, exports can promote economic growth through three main channels that are as follows: (i) trade enables firms (at the micro level) and countries (at the macro level) to gain through specialisation and economies of scale. The most efficient producers witness increasing market shares, that in turn lead to aggregate productivity gains through a reallocation of resources [Taylor (1981) and Melitz (2003)], (ii) Exports are an important source of foreign exchange. These resources are important not just for the purchase of vital inputs such as capital and machinery but are extremely valuable where balance of payments constraints are widespread [Faridi (2012)]. (iii) Trade is an important source of knowledge and technological transfers. New growth theory has shown that trade with technologically innovative countries allows access to the technological know-how of trading partners, and also has the potential of encouraging innovative activity by increasing the returns to innovate as traders have access to a larger market relative to non-trading firms

Mass Housing Sustainability based on Community Cohesion (A Case Study at Sendangmulyo, Indonesia)

AbstractHousing has an important role in the process of human resources development. Housing is also a form of manifestation of an orderly social environment through the internal social interactions. There is a general understanding that the housing sector is one of the sectors that is particularly important with regard to sustainable development. This is because housing embodies social, environmental, as well as economic dimensions. Environmental problems can affect the environmental quality of residential housing. This study aims to assess the level of environmental quality of Sendangmulyo mass housing. The methods of analysis used are quantitative descriptive analysis tools with a frequency distribution and Likert scale. The development of mass housing problems tends to experience a decrease in the quality of the housing environment that may affect sustainability. It has attracted concerns and community involvement in carrying out maintenance and management of residential environment. The results of this research show that the community cohesion in Sendangmulyo depends on social interaction, sense of belonging and community engagement

Internal Migration Patterns in Pakistan— The Case for Fiscal Decentralisation

The cornerstone of fiscal federalism is to empower provinces through fiscal decentralisation, thereby reducing the friction between them. This is achieved if the distribution of resources between provinces is judicial and equitable, reducing the biases and divides amongst the provinces and leading to a stronger federation. In Pakistan, the National Finance Commission (NFC) awards are constituted to decide the share of the provinces in the federal revenues and to redistribute this share to the provinces. Over the years, there has been a gradual increase in federal shares. The federal government has also stretched itself into several matters that fall under the provincial purview (for instance roads, irrigation, culture and tourism and rural development) [Shah (1997)]. With the aimed devolution of power from the centre to the local government, it is imperative that these provincial governments have adequate finances to effectively carry out the subjects that fall under their domain. Moreover, there has been no serious shift in resource distribution amongst the provinces themselves, in spite of the disparities in economic and social development as well as varying political and security situations. This has, in turn, contributed in aggravating the differences between provinces over time, bringing into question the success of the NFC awards in fostering integration

Oral health related quality of life among adults attending periodontal clinic at IIUM Kuantan IIUM

There was lack of local study assessing the oral health related quality of life (OHRQOL) of patients with periodontal diseases. Hence, this study aims to assess the OHRQOL and its associated factors in adult patients who were diagnosed with gingivitis and periodontitis. This was a cross sectional study conducted from May to December 2018 among 100 participants attended Periodontal Clinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry of International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) using purposive sampling methods. Clinical parameters of participants were recorded by a single examiner then followed by a self-administered questionnaire using the validated short version of Oral Health Impact Profile(S-OHIP) (Malay) to assess the OHRQOL and its associated factors. The OHRQOL of participants were reported using mean and standard deviation. The factors associated with OHRQOL were determined using independent t-test and Spearman correlation test. The mean score for S-OHIP was 14.73 ± 9.24. Participants with periodontitis have higher SOHIP score compared to those with gingivitis. There were significant association between OHRQOL and underlying diabetes mellitus, self-perceived oral health status and self-perceived oral health satisfaction with p value < 0.05. This shows that those with underlying diabetes mellitus have higher S-OHIP score indicated poorer OHRQOL. Meanwhile, those who perceived they have either good or very good oral hygiene and satisfied with their oral health have lower S-OHIP score indicated better OHRQOL. This study found that periodontal diseases have significant association with the OHRQOL. Therefore, reinforcement of oral health education by the dentists is crucial

Diagnostic Risk Management System (DRMS): An Assessment of Financial Risk

Risk management is critical for any organisation to manage risk appropriately, as an undesirable risk event can have a huge negative impact on finances. Poor risk management leads to uncertain business performance or in the worst-case scenario, the collapse of the business. Sound risk management requires that the elements of risk in the business are considered before a decision is made. It is also important to know how the risk can be mitigated if it occurs, who is responsible for managing the risk, whether the likelihood and severity of the risk should be reduced or the risk should be avoided and transferred to others. This can help organisations to carry out the necessary assessments and analysis to understand the extent of their risk exposure and then plan mitigation measures. This paper highlights the importance of the Diagnostic Risk Management System (DRMS) as a lifesaver for organisations. Scholars, experts and practitioners generally agreed that DRMS reflects a company's image and subsequently reduces opportunities for fraud. DRMS is a user-friendly system that helps companies manage and view overall risk and find appropriate solutions to mitigate individual risks. DRMS focuses on the overall risk, especially on the risk assessment of financial reporting. DRMS is suitable for companies to create a competitive but healthy business environment that is free from destructive elements such as corruption, fraud and white-collar crime. This in turn ensures the creation of wealth for the business environment in Malaysia

The Accounting Variables’ Ability in Explaining the Volatility of Stock's Price: The Case of Amman Stock Exchange

This study aims at identifying the ability of some accounting variables which are (dividend Payout ratio, dividend yield, market value, net income volatility, debt ratio, and the company’s assets Growth) of explaining the volatility of stock’s price of the industrial companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange during the years 2001 to 2010. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researchers reviewed the annual reports of the public companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange, and also reviewed the Amman Stock Exchange’s statistical bulletins for the years 2001-2010 to get the accounting variables and to get the stocks’ closing prices. The sample of the study consisted of (64) industrial companies. To test the hypotheses of the study, the multiple regression model was used to test the independent variables’ ability in explaining the variance in the dependent variable (Volatility in stock price). The study concluded that the accounting variables (dividend Payout ratio, dividend yield, market value, net income volatility, debt ratio, and the company’s assets Growth) explained (3.8%) of the volatility in stock price while (96.2%) of the volatility in stock price referred to other reasons. The results of the study also showed that there was an important weak correlation between ratios of dividend Payout ratio and between volatility in stock price and this relation explained (1.2%) of the changes in volatility in stock price . Finally, the results indicated lack of significant correlation between the other accounting variables and the volatility in the stock prices explaining (2.6%) of the volatility in the stock prices.   Key words: accounting variables, volatility in the stock prices, industrial companies, Amman stock Exchange

Degree of Disclosure and Conservatism in the Annual Financial Statements in Service and Industrial Public Shareholding Companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange

The study aimed to  reveal the extent of compliance  with a proposed index of disclosure in  the financial statements  by Jordanian  public shareholding  companies of  service and industrial sectors  listed in Amman Stock Exchange  and to reveal the extent of the Jordanian companies’ compliance  with the concept of conservatism (accounting conservatism )in their financial reports in addition to reveal the impact of accounting conservatism in the  level of disclosure. To achieve the objectives of the study,   an index of disclosure consisting of 105 items has been built and the financial reports of the companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange of the services and industry sectors have been reviewed to identify their compliance with the proposed index of disclosure. The level of conservatism in the companies’ financial reports was measured using two models:   ratio of the firm’s book to market ratio and the accrual model. To test the hypotheses of the study, descriptive statistics, One Sample (T) test and a simple regression test were all used. The study revealed lack of full compliance with disclosure in presenting the financial statements according to the proposed index of disclosure in the service and industrial companies and at the sectorial level. The results also showed lack of compliance with concept of conservatism at the annual financial reports’ preparation process and lack of conservatism’s existence in the disclosure’s level in presenting the financial statements in the companies of service and industrial sectors and at the sectorial level.  Based on these results, the study recommended the control’s parties to follow up the compliance with international accounting standards and the concept of conservatism which adds more reliability to the financial statements.   Key words: Accounting Conservatism, Financial Statements, Disclosure, Public Shareholding Companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange.