Trophoblast lineage-specific differentiation and associated alterations in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.

The human placenta is a poorly-understood organ, but one that is critical for proper development and growth of the fetus in-utero. The epithelial cell type that contributes to primary placental functions is called "trophoblast," including two main subtypes, villous and extravillous trophoblast. Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast comprise the villous compartment and contribute to gas and nutrient exchange, while extravillous trophoblast invade and remodel the uterine wall and vessels, in order to supply maternal blood to the growing fetus. Abnormal differentiation of trophoblast contributes to placental dysfunction and is associated with complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). This review describes what is known about the cellular organization of the placenta during both normal development and in the setting of PE/FGR. It also explains known trophoblast lineage-specific markers and pathways regulating their differentiation, and how these are altered in the setting of PE/FGR, focusing on studies which have used human placental tissues. Finally, it also highlights remaining questions and needed resources to advance this field

Environmental-economic impact assessment in urban planning

Las prácticas sostenibles requieren de un marco controlado en los sistemas urbanos donde su funcionalidad y eficacia puedan ser evaluadas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo revisar cómo la integración de la huella de carbono y el factor monetario pueden construir una dimensión de impacto en la salud ambiental para monitorizar los gastos de una nación, en general, o de un hogar o individuo, en particular, en relación al potencial de calentamiento global. El modelo de Input Output Económico de una nación o una región es una herramienta analítica fuerte que describe la estructura económica de una nación o región. La matriz inversa de Leontief deriva de la tabla input output económica. El resultado del modelo se expresa en potencial de calentamiento global, que describe su impacto total de calentamiento global relativo al dióxido de carbono a lo largo de un período de tiempo determinado. La estimación de la huella de carbono a partir de flujos monetarios en un entorno urbano es vital en el análisis de los impactos en la salud ambiental, donde la planificación urbana y la economía sostenible son complementarias.Sustainable practices require a controlled setting within an urban system where the practicality and efficacy could be assessed. This study aim to present a review by what means integrated carbon footprint and monetary factor may construct an environmental health impact dimension to oversee the expenditure of a nation in general or a household or an individual in particular in relation to global warming potential.Economic Input Output model of a nation or a region is a powerful analytical tool that describes the structure of one nation or region’s economy. An inversed Leontief matrix is derived from the economic input output table. The outcome of the model is expressed in global warming potential which describes its total global warming impact relative to carbon dioxide over a set period of time. The estimation of carbon footprint from monetary fluxes within an urban setting is vital in the environmental health impact assessment where sustainable urban planning and sustainable economy are complimentary of each other.Eje 1: Dilemas del desarrollo socio-territorial y la planificación urbano-regional frente a los retos de la sustentabilidad.Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanism

A role for pathogenic autoantibodies in small fiber neuropathy?

The immune system has a role in neuropathic pain which includes autoimmune mechanisms (e.g., autoantibodies). Clinical studies have identified a number of conditions where neuropathic pain is common and that are associated with autoantibodies targeting antigens within the nervous system. Interestingly sensory symptoms can be relieved with immunotherapies or plasma exchange, suggesting that pain in these patients is antibody-mediated. Recent preclinical studies have directly addressed this. For example, passive transfer of CASPR2 autoantibodies from patients cause increased pain sensitivity and enhanced sensory neuron excitability in mice confirming pathogenicity and demonstrating that patient autoantibodies are a mechanism to cause neuropathic pain. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) exclusively affects small sensory fibers (typically nociceptors) and is characterized by severe neuropathic pain. Known causes include diabetes, B12 deficiency and rare variants in sodium channel genes, although around 50% of cases are idiopathic. SFN is associated with autoimmune conditions such as Sjorgen’s syndrome, Sarcoidosis and Celiac disease and immunotherapy in the form of Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has proved an effective treatment. Autoantibodies have been identified and, in some cases, passive transfer of SFN patient IgG in mice can recapitulate neuropathic pain-like behavior. Here we will discuss clinical and preclinical data relating to the idea that pathogenic autoantibodies contribute to SNF. We discuss putative pathogenic antibodies, cellular targets and the molecular mechanisms by which they cause sensory neuron damage and the development of neuropathic pain. Finally, we will comment on future directions which may provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying SFN in patients

Environmental-economic impact assessment in urban planning

Las prácticas sostenibles requieren de un marco controlado en los sistemas urbanos donde su funcionalidad y eficacia puedan ser evaluadas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo revisar cómo la integración de la huella de carbono y el factor monetario pueden construir una dimensión de impacto en la salud ambiental para monitorizar los gastos de una nación, en general, o de un hogar o individuo, en particular, en relación al potencial de calentamiento global. El modelo de Input Output Económico de una nación o una región es una herramienta analítica fuerte que describe la estructura económica de una nación o región. La matriz inversa de Leontief deriva de la tabla input output económica. El resultado del modelo se expresa en potencial de calentamiento global, que describe su impacto total de calentamiento global relativo al dióxido de carbono a lo largo de un período de tiempo determinado. La estimación de la huella de carbono a partir de flujos monetarios en un entorno urbano es vital en el análisis de los impactos en la salud ambiental, donde la planificación urbana y la economía sostenible son complementarias.Sustainable practices require a controlled setting within an urban system where the practicality and efficacy could be assessed. This study aim to present a review by what means integrated carbon footprint and monetary factor may construct an environmental health impact dimension to oversee the expenditure of a nation in general or a household or an individual in particular in relation to global warming potential.Economic Input Output model of a nation or a region is a powerful analytical tool that describes the structure of one nation or region’s economy. An inversed Leontief matrix is derived from the economic input output table. The outcome of the model is expressed in global warming potential which describes its total global warming impact relative to carbon dioxide over a set period of time. The estimation of carbon footprint from monetary fluxes within an urban setting is vital in the environmental health impact assessment where sustainable urban planning and sustainable economy are complimentary of each other.Eje 1: Dilemas del desarrollo socio-territorial y la planificación urbano-regional frente a los retos de la sustentabilidad.Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanism

Environmental risk evaluation of a sanitary landfill using life cycle analysis approach / Farah Ayuni Shafie, Dasimah Omar and Subramaniam Karuppanan.

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) auditing was carried out at a sanitary landfill in Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. It was conducted to assess the environmental and health impact of the landfill. The study also includes an environmental risk index and life cycle analysis (LCA) approach to evaluate the facility. The auditing arrives with a conclusion that this facility might pose a hazard to the environment and health if no adequate control measures are taken consistently. Environmental auditing and LCA simulation could become an essential tool in the monitoring of urban planning and development

Significance of teachers and education in promoting national economic development: A case study of Pakistan

The key objective of the present paper is to highlight the consequence of education along with the importance of teacher in education and its overall influence on the national economic development Pakistan.It is crystal clear that the role of education and teachers has become more important in improving human capital and consequently has a positive impact on the national development and prosperity.The results of this study show that teachers in all level including primary school, middle school teacher and high school teacher play a positive and statistically significant role in promoting national economic development.Therefore, these findings have some important policy implications.The government of Pakistan at both the federal and provincial levels needs to formulate appropriate and education promoting oriented policy in order to encourage education and increase quality trained teachers in the country. Consequently, it will further help to promote overall economy performance and largely mitigate poverty and improve social welfare in the country

Transition metal-free domino acyl substitution/Michael addition of alkenyl Grignard reagents to lactam esters: synthesis of lactam-bearing homoallylic ketones

A solvent-controlled protocol for the direct and transition metal-free addition of alkenyl Grignard reagents to vicinally functionalized sp3-rich morpholinones has been developed, leading to the chemo and regioselective synthesis of lactam-bearing homoallylic ketones. The addition of lithium chloride proved to be essential. In cases where a new stereocenter is generated, the doubly branched homoallylic ketones are obtained in unexpectedly high diastereoselectivities. Efforts to extend the methodology to other heterosubstituted lactams revealed some important reactivity and selectivity differences

Modular synthesis and transition metal-free alkynylation/alkenylation of Castagnoli–Cushmanderived N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides

A modular and functional group-tolerant protocol for the transition metal-free coupling of novel N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides with terminal acetylenes and styrenes has been developed, leading to the epimerization-free synthesis of fully carbofunctionalized dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines. Bicyclic morpholines have also been prepared through the interrogation of newly synthesized cross-conjugated dienes in Diels–Alder reactions. The use of environmentally benign reaction media endows the current strategy with a practical advantage

A study of skin paddle perforators of free fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Background : Designing a reliable skin paddle in free fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap is critical since the flap is not only recognized for its robust amount of bone, but also provide skin paddle for soft tissue cover in long bone trauma or mandibular neoplasm. Therefore, it is important to identify the perforators and the courses to ensure the skin paddle perfusion. This study was to analyse our 17 years experiences of skin paddle perforator of free fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Methodology : Retrospective data collected in all patients that underwent free fibula flap in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan from 1998 to 2014. The cases with incomplete data were excluded. The skin paddle perforators of free fibula flap type and courses documented based on anatomic location and recorded into an image guided proforma. Result : There was 156 free fibula cases were done within 17 years period, but only 109 cases were included in this study. There were 305 perforators out of 109 fibula flap. Malignant cases (33.9%) was the highest indication for free fibula flap, followed by benign (27.5%), trauma (22.0%), infection (7.3%) and others (9.2%). Tibia and mandible were the highest bone to be reconstructed, which were 32.1% each. According to leg location, middle third leg has the highest number of perforator distribution (72.8%), followed by upper third of leg (18.0%) and lastly lower third of the leg (9.2%). There were 4 types of perforators that were osteoseptocutaneous, musculocutaneous, septomusculocutaneous and musculoseptocutaneous. Osteoseptocutaneous group was the highest perforator supplying the free fibula skin paddle (40%), followed by musculocutaneous(34.4%), septomusculocutaneous (15.4%) and musculoseptocutaneous (10.2%). Among the upper leg, musulocutaneous perforator group was the highest, (49%). Meanwhile, osteoseptocutaneous perforator group was the highest in both middle (42.3%) and distal (53.5%) leg. Conclusion : A reliable skin paddle would be easily raised over middle and distal zone due to the likelihood of the presence of osteoseptocutaneous perforator. Rarely, there would be anatomical variant that the skin paddle of fibula flap will be supplied by perforator from the posterior tibial artery instead of peroneal artery

Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Biosynthesis of Heme and Proteins: Potential Implications for the Partitioning of Glu-tRNA\u3csup\u3eGlu\u3c/sup\u3e Between These Pathways

Glutamyl-tRNA (Glu-tRNAGlu) is the common substrate for both protein translation and heme biosynthesis via the C5 pathway. Under normal conditions, an adequate supply of this aminoacyl-tRNA is available to both pathways. However, under certain circumstances, Glu-tRNAGlu can become scarce, resulting in competition between the two pathways for this aminoacyl-tRNA. In Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (GluRS1) is the main enzyme that synthesizes Glu-tRNAGlu. Previous studies have shown that GluRS1 is inactivated in vitro by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This raises the question as to whether H2O2 negatively affects in vivo GluRS1 activity in A. ferrooxidans and whether Glu-tRNAGlu distribution between the heme and protein biosynthesis processes may be affected by these conditions. To address this issue, we measured GluRS1 activity. We determined that GluRS1 is inactivated when cells are exposed to H2O2, with a concomitant reduction in intracellular heme level. The effects of H2O2 on the activity of purified glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), the key enzyme for heme biosynthesis, and on the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) were also measured. While exposing purified GluTR, the first enzyme of heme biosynthesis, to H2O2 resulted in its inactivation, the binding of glutamyl-tRNA to EF-Tu was not affected. Taken together, these data suggest that in A. ferrooxidans, the flow of glutamyl-tRNA is diverted from heme biosynthesis towards protein synthesis under oxidative stress conditions