Evaluation of Solid-Solid Bonds Nondestructively Using Ultrasound

The need for quantitative nondestructive characterization of solid-solid bonds has grown in response to the increasing industrial demand for production. The work to be reported here is restricted to diffusion bonds in metallic systems and is devoted to a correlation of the bond strength with ultrasonic results. Bond strength is defined as the ultimate stress in a uniaxial tensile test at slow strain rate. Reductions in strength are assumed to occur due to a lack of bonding over a fraction of the surfaces due to non-optimum bonding conditions. The voids produced in the unbonded areas are considered to be crack-like, containing a vacuum or at most a low-pressure gas. Diffusion of the species from the two sides to be bonded is the only process considered, thus neglecting for the moment such effects as precipitate reactions, phase transformations and grain growth. The initial work was performed using identical materials on either side, thus considering only the ultrasonic response of the voids produced at the bonded interface. This paper reports on initial studies using dissimilar materials, necessitating inclusion of the effect of the acoustic impedance mismatch. During the work on dissimilar materials, production of a brittle layer at the bond interface was examined. This brittle layer was caused by a thin layer of carbon present at the bond interface. The challenge of detection of this brittle layer is posed for the nondestructive evaluation community</p

Psychological Well-Being of Parents of Very Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes – Baseline Assessment

Background: Type 1 diabetes in young children is a heavy parental burden. As part of pilot phase of the KIDSAP01 study, we conducted a baseline assessment in parents to study the association between hypoglycemia fear, parental well-being and child behavior. Methods: All parents were invited to fill in baseline questionnaires: hypoglycemia fear survey (HFS), WHO-5, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: 24 children (median age: 5-year, range 1-7 years, 63% male, mean diabetes duration: 3 ± 1.7 years) participated. 23/24 parents filled out the questionnaires. We found a higher score for the hypoglycemia fear behavior 33.9 ± 5.6 compared to hypoglycemia worry 34.6 ± 12.2. Median WHO-5 score was 16 (8 - 22) with poor well-being in two parents. Median daytime sleepiness score was high in five parents (>10). For six children a high total behavioral difficulty score (>16) was reported. Pro social behavior score was lower than normal in six children (<6). Parental well-being was negatively associated with HFS total (r = - 0.50, p <.05) and subscale scores (r = - 0.44, p <.05 for HFS-Worry and HFS-Behavior), child behavior (r = - 0.45, p = .05) and positively with child age and diabetes duration (r = 0.58, p <.01, r = 0.6, p <.01). HFS, parental well-being nor daytime sleepiness are associated with the HbA1c. Conclusion: Regular screening of parental well-being, hypoglycemia fear and child behavior should be part of routine care to target early intervention

Psychological Well-Being of Parents of Very Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes – Baseline Assessment

Background: Type 1 diabetes in young children is a heavy parental burden. As part of pilot phase of the KIDSAP01 study, we conducted a baseline assessment in parents to study the association between hypoglycemia fear, parental well-being and child behavior. Methods: All parents were invited to fill in baseline questionnaires: hypoglycemia fear survey (HFS), WHO-5, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: 24 children (median age: 5-year, range 1-7 years, 63% male, mean diabetes duration: 3 ± 1.7 years) participated. 23/24 parents filled out the questionnaires. We found a higher score for the hypoglycemia fear behavior 33.9 ± 5.6 compared to hypoglycemia worry 34.6 ± 12.2. Median WHO-5 score was 16 (8 - 22) with poor well-being in two parents. Median daytime sleepiness score was high in five parents (>10). For six children a high total behavioral difficulty score (>16) was reported. Pro social behavior score was lower than normal in six children (<6). Parental well-being was negatively associated with HFS total (r = - 0.50, p <.05) and subscale scores (r = - 0.44, p <.05 for HFS-Worry and HFS-Behavior), child behavior (r = - 0.45, p = .05) and positively with child age and diabetes duration (r = 0.58, p <.01, r = 0.6, p <.01). HFS, parental well-being nor daytime sleepiness are associated with the HbA1c. Conclusion: Regular screening of parental well-being, hypoglycemia fear and child behavior should be part of routine care to target early intervention

Towards sustainable development in Austria: renewable energy contributions

competence of the Austrian industry market in renewable energy technologies, energy policy and RD&D priorities, energy-situation and energy-sources in Austria, evolution in the building sector, market deployment of renewable energy sources, outlook,

Fourth international summer school. Solar energy '92 Technologies-applications-economics

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RR 2862(4) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie (BMFT), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Solar Hot Water Heating Systems

Today, solar thermal systems are well established worldwide with an enormous potential for energy production and for high contribution to the future green energy system. Solar domestic hot water systems with natural circulation are most favorable in areas with a mean annual sum of global radiation on a horizontal surface above 1800kWh−2 year−1 and with collector areas up to 10m2. Forced circulation systems for flat-type solar collectors could be useful in colder climates and for large systems. The application of more complex solar collector technologies depends on the possible demands for higher temperature levels. Several examples concern some industrial applications, whose heat demands could now be met through solar energy. In all the cases, the next challenge is to swiftly make cost-effective all such devices and technologies

Solar Hot Water Heating Systems

Today, solar thermal systems are well established worldwide with an enormous potential for energy production and for high contribution to the future green energy system. Solar domestic hot water systems with natural circulation are most favorable in areas with a mean annual sum of global radiation on a horizontal surface above 1800 kWh− 2 year− 1 and with collector areas up to 10 m2. Forced circulation systems for flat-type solar collectors could be useful in colder climates and for large systems. The application of more complex solar collector technologies depends on the possible demands for higher temperature levels. Several examples concern some industrial applications, whose heat demands could now be met through solar energy. In all the cases, the next challenge is to swiftly make cost-effective all such devices and technologies