Vector mixed-gap surface solitons

We elucidate the properties of mixed-gap vector surface solitons supported by the interface between a uniform medium and an optical lattice imprinted in a Kerr-type nonlinear media. The components of such mixed-gap solitons emerge from different gaps of lattice spectrum and their mutual trapping results in the formation of stable vector states. The unstable soliton component is stabilized by the cross-coupling with the stable component. We show that vector mixed-gap surface solitons exhibit a new combination of properties of vectorial surface waves and gap solitons.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Optics Expres

Characterization of the Role of CSLD proteins in Arabidopsis Cell Wall Deposition.

Plant cells are surrounded by the plant cell wall, which defines the plant cell shape as well as provides structural integrity to plant tissues and organs. Among the various classes of polysaccharides found in the plant cell wall, the major load-bearing component is cellulose. Cellulose is synthesized by CESA proteins and disruption of these CESA genes results in either lethality or in growth defects in various developmental processes. However, defects in root hair tip-growth were primarily observed in csld2 or csld3 mutants rather than in cesa mutants. To better understand the role of CSLD proteins in Arabidopsis development, we examined the phenotypes of csld2, csld3, and csld5 mutants. We found that csld5 single mutants displayed dwarf stature, and the phenotypes were enhanced in csld2/csld5 and csld3/csld5 double mutants. Further examination showed the existence of incomplete cell walls in csld5 single and csld2/csld5 and csld3/csld5 double mutants. Using fluorescent fusions, we found that these three CSLD proteins localized on forming cell plates. A more precise temporal spatial analysis showed that CSLD5 was enriched on growing cell plates during cytokinesis. Shortly after cytokinesis was completed, CSLD5 was rapidly depleted from these newly-deposited cell walls. We further confirmed that CSLD5 was an unstable protein that might be degraded via APCCCS52A2 – 26S proteasome mediated pathways. We also investigated the functional redundancy of members of the CSLD family in root hair growth. We found that, when driven by the corresponding native promoters, only CSLD2 and CSLD3 proteins were detected in root hairs and both these proteins localized to apical membrane regions of growing root hairs. A promoter swap experiment showed that when expressed under control of the CSLD3 promoter, CSLD2 could fully restore root hair growth in csld3 mutant background. By contrast, CSLD5, when driven by the CSLD3 promoter, only partially rescued csld3 root hair phenotypes. Combined, the results presented in this thesis have revealed a unique cell-cycle mediated regulation of CSLD5, and described novel roles for all three vegetatively-expressed CSLD proteins in cell wall synthesis during cytokinesis. In addition, the functional redundancy between CSLD2, CSLD3, and CSLD5 during root hair growth was described.PHDMolecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116730/1/gufw_1.pd

Imagination of Mobile Media Through Advertising: Thematic Analysis of 4G and 5G Ads in China and the US

HonorsUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162682/1/zfw.pd

Fundamental Principles in Bacterial Physiology - History, Recent progress, and the Future with Focus on Cell Size Control: A Review

Bacterial physiology is a branch of biology that aims to understand overarching principles of cellular reproduction. Many important issues in bacterial physiology are inherently quantitative, and major contributors to the field have often brought together tools and ways of thinking from multiple disciplines. This article presents a comprehensive overview of major ideas and approaches developed since the early 20th century for anyone who is interested in the fundamental problems in bacterial physiology. This article is divided into two parts. In the first part (Sections 1 to 3), we review the first `golden era' of bacterial physiology from the 1940s to early 1970s and provide a complete list of major references from that period. In the second part (Sections 4 to 7), we explain how the pioneering work from the first golden era has influenced various rediscoveries of general quantitative principles and significant further development in modern bacterial physiology. Specifically, Section 4 presents the history and current progress of the `adder' principle of cell size homeostasis. Section 5 discusses the implications of coarse-graining the cellular protein composition, and how the coarse-grained proteome `sectors' re-balance under different growth conditions. Section 6 focuses on physiological invariants, and explains how they are the key to understanding the coordination between growth and the cell cycle underlying cell size control in steady-state growth. Section 7 overviews how the temporal organization of all the internal processes enables balanced growth. In the final Section 8, we conclude by discussing the remaining challenges for the future in the field.Comment: Published in Reports on Progress in Physics. (https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/aaa628) 96 pages, 48 figures, 7 boxes, 715 reference

Optimizing storage tank size in rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems based on daily demand and supply matching

Under current published guidelines for Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems, sizing procedure for rainwater tanks is based on annual climate data, which might underestimate the performance of RWH system and lead to oversized tanks. The aim of this study is to promote compact sizing of RWH systems such that RWH systems could be deployable for more situations. To effectively evaluate the optimal size of rainwater storage tanks, this study proposes to consider the matching of demand and supply on a daily basis. A performance evaluation method, based on daily climate conditions, is developed. The approach and its effectiveness are demonstrated by various water demand scenarios for residential buildings. The comparison between fulfillment rates for RWH systems with rainwater tanks sized using the annual method and those sized using the daily method showed that the annual method may oversize rainwater storage tanks of RWH systems. The performance analysis with consideration of extreme climates illustrates the daily method can be adopted to size the tanks for extremely wet areas. The scope of this study is limited residential buildings with a wide variety of water consumption patterns. The uncertainty of the sizing approach reduces for office buildings, where the water consumption is more predictable. By adopting this method, oversized rainwater tanks and biased performance evaluation of RWH systems can be largely avoided, and more practical recommendations on RWH systems at initial design stage can be offered

Nonlinearity-mediated soliton ejection from trapping potentials in nonlocal media

We address the properties of optical solitons in thermal nonlinear media with a local refractive index defect that is capable to trap solitons launched even close to the sample boundary despite the boundary-mediated forces that tend to deflect all beams toward the center of the sample. We show that while such forces become more pronounced with increasing the input beam power the defect can trap only light below a critical power above which solitons are ejected. The dynamics of soliton ejection and the subsequent propagation may be controlled.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Twin-vortex solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media

We consider soliton formation in thermal nonlinear media bounded by rectangular cross-sections and uncover a new class of nonlinear stationary topological state. Specifically, we find that stationary higher-order vortex states in standard shapes do not exist, but rather they take the form of multiple, spatially separated single-charge singularities nested in an elliptical beam. Double-charge states are found to be remarkably robust despite their shape asymmetry and the phase-singularity splitting. States with higher topological charges are found to be unstable.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Optics Letter