What do we know about wealth inequality in Brazil?

Wealth inequality has gained importance in the international debate following the publication of Capital in the 21st Century, by Thomas Piketty, which contains systematic data on the size and evolution of the phenomenon in advanced economies over the last few centuries. In particular, Piketty's research reveals an important decrease in wealth concentration throughout the 20th century, a decrease that has not been sustained in the first decades of the 21st century. What can be said about the levels and historical trajectory of wealth inequality in Brazil, one of the world’s most unequal countries? We investigated all available estimates since the 17th century. The work is organized based on the different sources and approaches used to construct the estimates, which cannot be directly obtained from national household surveys or censuses. Two conclusions stand out: a) wealth concentration presents extreme levels and notable stability over time, despite profound transformations in the composition of assets; and b) all available estimates have significant limitations. The availability of adequate public data, along with improvements in the procedures employed so far, is essential for the development of a literature on wealth inequality in the country – the first step towards effective public engagement with the issue

Aberración cromática en Tacuarita Azul (Poliptila dumicola) y Hornero (Furnarius rufus)

Fil: Thomann, Maria Luz. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Herpetología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cuaranta, Pedro. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Fandiño, Blas. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Herpetología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Revisiting Explicit Negation in Answer Set Programming

[Abstract] A common feature in Answer Set Programming is the use of a second negation, stronger than default negation and sometimes called explicit, strong or classical negation. This explicit negation is normally used in front of atoms, rather than allowing its use as a regular operator. In this paper we consider the arbitrary combination of explicit negation with nested expressions, as those defined by Lifschitz, Tang and Turner. We extend the concept of reduct for this new syntax and then prove that it can be captured by an extension of Equilibrium Logic with this second negation. We study some properties of this variant and compare to the already known combination of Equilibrium Logic with Nelson’s strong negation.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; TIC2017-84453-PXunta de Galicia; GPC ED431B 2019/03Xunta de Galicia; 2016-2019 ED431G/01, CITICCentre International de Math´ematiques et d’Informatique de Toulouse; ANR-11-LABEX-004

Castración de bovinos. Cartilla 6

Este documento explica los aspectos más importantes para poder realizar una castración de bovinos en forma correcta y seguraThis document explains the most important aspects to be able to carry out castration of cattle correctly and safelyObjetivos de la castración. Edad para castrar -- Partes del testículo -- Métodos para castración de bovinos -- Cuidados con los animales recién castrados34 página

A Polynomial Reduction of Forks Into Logic Programs

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG[Abstract] In this research note we present additional results for an earlier published paper [1]. There, we studied the problem of projective strong equivalence (PSE) of logic programs, that is, checking whether two logic programs (or propositional formulas) have the same behaviour (under the stable model semantics) regardless of a common context and ignoring the effect of local auxiliary atoms. PSE is related to another problem called strongly persistent forgetting that consists in keeping a program’s behaviour after removing its auxiliary atoms, something that is known to be not always possible in Answer Set Programming. In [1], we introduced a new connective ‘|’ called fork and proved that, in this extended language, it is always possible to forget auxiliary atoms, but at the price of obtaining a result containing forks. We also proved that forks can be translated back to logic programs introducing new hidden auxiliary atoms, but this translation was exponential in the worst case. In this note we provide a new polynomial translation of arbitrary forks into regular programs that allows us to prove that brave and cautious reasoning with forks has the same complexity as that of ordinary (disjunctive) logic programs and paves the way for an efficient implementation of forks. To this aim, we rely on a pair of new PSE invariance properties.We wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions that have helped to improve the paper. This work was partially supported by MICINN, Spain, grant PID2020-116201GB-I00, Xunta de Galicia, Spain, grant GPC ED431B 2019/03, Universidade da Coruña/CISUG, Spain, (funding for open access charge) and National Science Foundation, USA, grant NSF Nebraska EPSCoR 95-3101-0060-402Xunta de Galicia; ED431B 2019/03USA. National Science Foundation; EPSCoR 95-3101-0060-40

Forgetting Auxiliary Atoms in Forks

©2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/. This version of the article has been accepted for publication in Artificial Intelligence. The Version of Record is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2019.07.005Versión final aceptada de: F. Aguado, P. Cabalar, J. Fandinno, D. Pearce, G. Pérez, and, C. Vidal, "Forgetting Auxiliary Atoms in Forks", Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 275, pp. 575-601, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.artint.2019.07.005[Abstract]: In this work we tackle the problem of checking strong equivalence of logic programs that may contain local auxiliary atoms, to be removed from their stable models and to be forbidden in any external context. We call this property projective strong equivalence (PSE). It has been recently proved that not any logic program containing auxiliary atoms can be reformulated, under PSE, as another logic program or formula without them – this is known as strongly persistent forgetting. In this paper, we introduce a conservative extension of Equilibrium Logic and its monotonic basis, the logic of Here-and-There, in which we deal with a new connective ‘|’ we call fork. We provide a semantic characterisation of PSE for forks and use it to show that, in this extension, it is always possible to forget auxiliary atoms under strong persistence. We further define when the obtained fork is representable as a regular formula.We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers of the Artificial Intelligence Journal, and previously, to the reviewers of the workshop ASPOCP'17, for their comments and suggestions that have helped improve the paper substantially. This work has been partially supported by MINECO (grant TIN2017-84453-P) and Xunta de Galicia (grants GPC ED431B 2019/03 and 2016-2019 ED431G/01 for CITIC center), Spain; by the Salvador de Madariaga programme, Spain; by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); and by the Centre International de Mathématiques et d'Informatique de Toulouse (CIMI) through contract ANR-11-LABEX-0040-CIMI within the programme ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02.Xunta de Galicia; ED431B 2019/03Xunta de Galicia; 2016-2019 ED431G/0

Extracción de la placenta. Cartilla 4

Este documento explica las causas por las cuales las vacas retienen placenta, cómo se debe proceder para extraerla, equipos y materiales usados, normas de seguridad para la persona y el animal en la extracción de la placenta y medidas higiénicas y sanitariasThis document explains the reasons why cows retain placenta, how to proceed to extract it, equipment and materials used, safety rules for the person and the animal in the removal of the placenta and hygienic and sanitary measuresPor qué las vacas retienen la placenta – Como debemos actuar cuando hay retención de placenta – Como extraer la placenta – Extracción de la placenta – Lavado y desinfección de equipos y materiales33 página

Aplicación de medicamentos de uso externo. Cartilla 11

La cartilla describe cómo aplicar al ganado medicamentos de uso externo talles como pomadas, ungüentos, líquidos, y polvos para desinflamar, cicatrizar heridas y evitar infeccionesThe booklet describe how to apply to cattle externally used drugs such as ointments, ointments, liquids and powders to reduce inflammation, heal, and prevent infectionsMedicamentos de uso externo -- Uso de los medicamentos externos -- Elementos que deben alistarse para la aplicación de medicamentos externos -- Pasos para la aplicación de los medicamentos de uso externo16 página

Toma y envío de muestras al centro de diagnósticos. Cartilla 3

Este documento enseña cómo determinar si hay fiebre o baja temperatura en el organismo del bovino para identificación oportuna de enfermedades, adicional explica como alistar el animal, alistar el termómetro, tomar la temperatura y leer el termómetroThis document teaches how to determine if there is fever or low temperature in the organism of the virus for the identification of diseases, explains how the animal, the thermometer, takes the temperature and reads the thermometerToma de la muestra -- Diagnostico de las muestras -- Proceso de ejecución para la toma de las muestras -- Recapitulación -- Evaluación final26 página

Inseminación artificial. Cartilla 4

Este documento explica la técnica necesaria para inseminar artificialmente las vacas, aprovechando en mejor forma los espermatozoides de un toro con muy buenas características en producción de leche y carneThis document explains the technique necessary to artificially inseminate the cows, making better use of the sperm of a bull with very good characteristics in milk and meat productionConcepto de inseminación artificial -- Equipos y materiales -- Manejo de los elementos -- Practica de inseminación41 página