Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Timing on Quality Parameters of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.var. durum) Varieties in the Highlands of Bale, Ethiopia

Ethiopia is among the major wheat producing countries in Africa. Durum wheat is known for its gluten strength which is used for quality pasta and macaroni making. The gluten complex plays the major role in determining the technological quality of wheat. Wheat gluten proteins have unique visco-elastic properties of three-dimensional structures formation. An experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at three sites (Sinana, Selka and Robe) to determine the response of yield and quality parameters of durum wheat to nitrogen rate and timing. The treatments included 60 (30, 30), 60 (30, 30), 90 (30, 30, 30), 120 (30, 60, 30), 120 (30, 30, 60) and 180 (60, 60, 60) at planting, tillering and anthesis, respectively. It was found that there is significant difference between genotypes, locations, year and nitrogen rates and timing for sedimentation volume, vitreousness, dry gluten, wet gluten and gluten index except that there was no significant difference among genotypes for vitreousness and gluten index. Year x location interaction would not influence gluten contents but had significance for other parameters. The interaction of nitrogen by location and year was significant only for vitreousness. Most of the other cross other interactions were found not significant. The year effect was higher in 2007 for vitreousness, dry gluten and wet gluten whereas sedimentation volume and gluten index was higher in 2008. Rainfall during the growing months was higher in 2008 than in 2007 and this shows higher moisture related with lower gluten contents and vitreousness but with higher sedimentation volume and gluten index. The Robe site had higher vitreousness, dry gluten and wet gluten but lower sedimentation volume and gluten index. The Selka site had higher sedimentation volume but lower vitreousness, dry gluten, wet gluten and gluten index. The highest gluten index was obtained at Sinana on-station. Oda variety was found with higher gluten content and Bakalcha was with higher sedimentation volume. Increasing nitrogen levels was related with increasing gluten contents and vitreousness while gluten index decreased as nitrogen levels increase.  Sedimentation volume decreased while vitreousness, dry gluten, wet gluten and gluten index increased with later application of N at anthesis than at mid tillering stage. Keywords: gluten quality, end-use, environment, management, durum whea

Data Encryption and Decryption by Using Hill Cipher Algorithm

The core of Hill-cipher is matrix manipulations. It is a multi-letter cipher, for decryption the inverse of matrix requires and inverse of the matrix doesn’t always exist. Then if the matrix is not invertible then encrypted text cannot be decrypted. However, a drawback of this algorithm is overcome by use of self-repetitive matrix. This matrix if multiplied with itself for a given mod value (i.e. mod value of the matrix is taken after every multiplication) will eventually result in an identity matrix after N multiplications. So, after N+ 1 multiplication the matrix will repeat itself. Hence, it derives its name i.e. self-repetitive matrix. It should be non-singular square matrix. Keywords: Hill Cipher Algorithm, Self-Repetitive Matrix and Inverse Matrix DOI: 10.7176/CTI/10-01 Publication date:July 31st 202

PERCEIVED RISK AND EXTENDED WARRANTY

This study examined how income and mathematical skills influence one’s perception of risk. The study particularly focused on overestimation as the main cognitive phenomenon that influences one’s decision-making process when thinking about purchasing an extended warranty. Two questions this study tried to shed light on 1) - Why do people buy extended warranties? 2) - How much is the risk overestimated when considering the damage and loss of common products? A total of 67 St John’s undergraduate students participated, 18 males and 49 females M(age) = 19.5 were recruited through the university research platform. Finally, I hypothesized that income and mathematical skills were correlated with an individual’s perceived risk. However, this hypothesis was not supported by the data

Pemodelan Pola Hubungan Kemampuan Lulusan Universitas Lancang Kuning Dengan Kebutuhan Dunia USAha Dan Industri

The rapid growth of the data warehouse has created conditions for rich data but poor information. Data mining is the mining or the discovery of new information by looking for certain patterns or rules of a number of large amounts of data that is expected to produce an interesting pattern or important information from the condition. By utilizing the the graduate tracer data that is associated with users of graduates, they are business and industry, are expected to produce information about the pattern of their relationship through data mining techniques, association rule. Category ability of graduates in measuring the level parameter is less necessary, reasonably necessary, needed, and is needed in the world of business and industry. The algorithm used is a priori algorithm, the information displayed in the form of support and confidence values of each category type abilities of graduates

The effects of global warming towards sugar cane farming in Tongaat Huletts –Tambankulu Estates, Swaziland.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.This study examined the effects of global warming on sugar cane farming in Tongaat Huletts –Tambankulu Estates in Swaziland, from the period of 2010 to 2015. The researcher adopted the conceptual and theoretical framework related to Global Warming and sugarcane production. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were utilised to capture the effects of global warming on cane production. In particular, the Ricardian production model and thematic analysis were adopted in the study. The study utilised monthly and yearly time series data for the period of 2010 to 2015, collected from Tongaat Huletts Tambankulu Estates, Swaziland. The findings disclose significant non-linear effects of global warming on sugarcane production in Tongaat Huletts Tambankulu Estates, Swaziland. Observations were that sugarcane production has directly been affected by changes in global warming conditions. Global warming variables such as radiation, temperature and rainfall have negatively affected sugarcane production. The findings showed that for every additional degree in the celsius of temperature, the expected sugarcane production decreases on average, while holding other variables constant. Moreover, for every additional millimetre of rainfall, the expected sugarcane production decreases, and for every additional degree of radiation increase, the expected sugarcane production decreases. In contrast, the findings revealed that the combination of water use of commercially rain-fed and irrigated sugarcane and increases sun appear, have positive effects on sugarcane production. For every millimetre in combination of water use of commercially rain-fed and irrigated sugarcane, the expected sugarcane production increases. Similar for every additional sun hours, the expected sugarcane production increases. The findings also revealed that management ought to enhance and improve their knowledge and awareness of global warming and its impact on sugarcane production for better, all including holistic approach to mitigate this threat, especially during critical peak season. The study suggests that strategies adopted to mitigate the threat focus on farming practices that promote sugarcane production regardless of the dangers posed by higher levels of global warming variables (temperature, rainfall, and radiation)

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM KESEHATAN IBU DAN ANAK BIDANG PELAYANAN ANTENATAL CARE DAN NIFAS DI PUSKESMAS BANDARHARJO KOTA SEMARANG

One indicator of the success of development in the health sector is the maternal mortality rate, this illustrates how the quality of maternal health. Maternal health quality issues are enhanced through maternal and child health programs. Puskesmas as primary health care unit must apply mother and child health program both promotive and preventive treatment based on Ministry of Health Regulation. 75/2014 on Puskesmas and supported by Central Java Governor Regulation No. 17 of 2016 on the implementation of Maternal and Child Health Services in Central Java Province. This study aims to obtain information about the implementation of the rogram as well as factors inhibiting and driving the implementation of Maternal and Child Health Programs in the Field of Antenatal Care Services and Childbed in the Public Health Center Bandarharjo City of Semarang. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study on program implementation indicate that antenatal care and postpartum services are good but there are some indicators of antenatal care services that are not optimal such as laboratory test services, pregnancy classes implementation, and counseling. The authors use the six obstacles and drivers of program implementation from Van Metter and Van Horn, which are the size and objectives of the policies, resources, the character of the implementing agency, the attitudes/trends of the implementers, inter- organizational communication and implementation activities, and the economic, social and political environment. Based on the result of the research, the inhibiting factors are the limited number of human resources and the social environment that are less supportive. Based on the results of this research, some efforts are needed to improve the antenatal care and postpartum services, among others, equalization of laboratory tests and pregnant women's classes for all pregnant women, Human resources, and commitment from the government to cooperate in conducting guidance to the community with certain social conditions through socialization and mentoring that can increase knowledge and awareness of the community

THE STORYTELLING STYLES AND BRAND PERCEPTION OF WINE LABELS

Based on the past marketing research, it can be stated that stories play a significant role in influencing consumers, since story-based communication has been deemed more effective than stating mere facts (Kelley & Littman 2006). However, especially the link between brand perception and the storytelling of product labels is simply under-researched. (Charters et al. 2000; Kniazeva & Belk 2007.) Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how storytelling on product labels effects consumers’ brand perception. The research questions wanted to discover: what storytelling styles and elements can be found on wine labels, how can the different storytelling elements of wine labels be interpreted/classified and how consumers perceive the stories told by wine label design styles. In order to answer the above-presented questions, methodologically this research was divided into three steps: literature review, content analysis and focus group interview, each step representing one sub-question. The first part contained the identification of different storytelling elements through a literature review. The second sub-question was aimed to group the different storytelling elements according to different wine label design styles by using a content analysis. During the third step, a focus group interview and content analysis were conducted in order to construct a brand experience table. The findings gathered throughout this thesis show that charismatic well-told stories are being characterised by the front label containing the brand name, the main image and the used colours, and the back label the food matching, description for tastes and smells, grape varietal, the colour choices as well as an explication for the brand name within the packaging narrative. This is true no matter the wine label design style. In addition, overall theme or the atmosphere of the main image together with the brand name on the front label play an essential role in determining the wine label design style. On the other hand, the wine label aims to communicate to the consumer, the sense of style of the wine, the occasion for use, the production technique as well as the relevant information about the tastes and the smells of the wine. These attributes are among the most important factors that influence consumers’ brand perception, interpretation of the wines style as well as the occasion for use. Based on the findings, it can be assumed that in order to establish the relationship between story-telling through wine labels and the consumers’ brand perception, the front label needs to set the tone and the atmosphere for the story that the back label helps to fortify, enliven and support. In other words, the front label can be understood as creating expectations that the back label not only needs to confirm but to enhance, support and further convince. As a general conclusion, it can be stated that, more the different elements form a well-design ensemble or the overall impression being congruent in style – in other words, the written and the non-written elements are in line with each other and coherent on both labels – more likely the consumers find the wine brand truthful and desirable, which in turn means that the consumers end up believing the story told by the wine labels.siirretty Doriast

The Impact of Financial Literacy on Investment Decision of MSMEs Member Guided by Sharia Cooperative at Bandung Raya Region

This study was conducted to determine “The Impact of Financial Literacy on Investment Decision of MSMEs Member Guided by Sharia Cooperative at Bandung Raya Region”. The purpose of this study is to know and analyze how the level of financial literacy on MSMEs, how the investment decision of MSMEs member, and the impact of financial literacy on investment decision of MSMEs member guided by KOPMU-DT Bandung Raya region. This research uses quantitative method with descriptive research type. Sampling is done by probability sampling method simple random sampling, with the number of respondents as much as 100 people. Data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and simple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, financial literacy has a significant impact on investment decision of MSMEs member. This is evidenced by tcount > ttable (7.571>1.984) with a significance level of 0.000<0.005. Based on the coefficient of determination resulted that financial literacy affects the investment decision of 36.9% while 63.1% influenced by other factors not examined in this study. The conclusion of this research, financial literacy on MSMEs members of KOPMU-DT Bandung Raya region included in neutral or average. It is necessary to increase the application and knowledge about finance to assist MSMEs in investment decision. Keywords: Financial Literacy, Investment Decision, MSME

The potential for bradyrhizobia and phosphate solubilising microorganisms to improve soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in acid soils in Ethiopia

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two significant plant growth-limiting elements that are required in relatively large amounts and often are deficient. Both N and P are typically deficient in soils of Sub Saharan Africa. Amelioration of these deficiencies is difficult in Sub Saharan Africa since chemical fertilizers are prohibitively expensive for small holder farmers. Microbial inoculants that enhance the access to N and P could potentially be used to alleviate N and P deficiencies and provide an inexpensive means of providing these nutrients in this region. In Ethiopia, rhizobial inoculants are currently being promoted to legume growers. Site-specific field experiments have demonstrated yield improvements due to rhizobial inoculants for different legume crops. However, for some of the grain legumes, such as soybean, multi-location demonstrations have shown inconsistent responses to inoculation. The reasons for the variability in the responses to inoculants is, however, not clear. Around forty percent of the arable land in Ethiopia is of low pH (less than 5.5), which is one of the constraints for successful cultivation of crops. Soil acidity limits N fixation through its detrimental effect on legume growth, the survival of rhizobia, and its influence on the symbiotic interactions. In addition, soil acidity reduces the availability of P to plants, further limiting both plant growth and N fixation. Therefore, this study aimed to identify acid tolerant rhizobial inoculants and phosphate dissolving bacterial inoculants as a means to improve soybean production in acid soils of Ethiopia. In doing so, the presence, effectiveness, acid tolerance and diversity of soybean rhizobial populations resident in Ethiopian soils were investigated. Phosphate solubilising microorganisms were also isolated from soils that grew soybean and their effect on soybean yield was investigated. Rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of soybean grown on Ethiopian soils were screened in vitro for their acid tolerance. The acid tolerant strains were then evaluated for symbiotic effectiveness in a controlled environment. Following this, the most effective acid tolerant strains were evaluated in six field experiments in major soybean growing areas of Ethiopia. Inoculation with a commercial rhizobial strain, or two locally-sourced isolates of rhizobia were used as inoculants resulted in improved soybean yield. The yield increase due to inoculation with the commercial strain was consistent and greater than that of other treatments, while the increase due to these two most effective locally-sourced strains was comparable to, or greater than, application of 46 kg N ha⁻¹ in soils, where the resident rhizobial population was ≤ 1.4 x 10³ cfu g⁻¹ soil. For soils with high background rhizobial populations, there was no nodulation response to inoculation. At one of the experimental sites (Bako), the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) [dfa subscript] was 55% for the commercial strain and 35% for a local isolate, Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain ES3. Field validation was observed to be a necessary step in the selection of acid tolerant strains of rhizobia, to increase soybean production in Ethiopia. Genetic diversity of twenty of the 55 acid tolerant isolates was determined by comparing their 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer sequences. The acid tolerant strains were found to have high symbiotic and phylogenetic diversity, relative to the type strains. The acid tolerant strains were also shown to be phylogenetically distinct from most of the type strains used, as well as from most of the previously isolated Ethiopian soybean strains. However, multilocus sequence analysis of the core and symbiotic genes are required to determine their exact taxonomic position relative to Bradyrhizobium and other related genera. During acid tolerance screening of rhizobial isolates, P solubilising Bacillus spp. and a Pseudomonas sp. were isolated from soils that grew soybean. Selected phosphate solubilising strains significantly increased the soluble P relative to controls in liquid cultures containing Al, Fe and Ca bound P sources. The increase in available P in the culture solution was accompanied by a decrease of up to 1.7 pH units in the culture media. Strains that dissolved the highest amount of P in liquid cultures were selected and tested in six field experiments in Ethiopia, in separate plots adjacent to the N fixation experiments. Field experiments where soybean was inoculated with phosphate solubilising organisms appeared to show trends of yield increases over the controls, but the increases were not statistically significant. As an example, among the inoculant strains, strain EPS1 resulted in an average yield increase of 13.8% over the control that was not supplied with P. Further investigation of this strain in a new inoculant formulation, such as seed co-inoculation with an effective rhizobial inoculant would be worthwhile. Finally, the presence and abundance of soybean nodulating rhizobia and the N fixing effectiveness of soil rhizobial populations were tested in 55 soils collected from major soybean growing areas of Ethiopia, using the most probable number and whole soil inoculation techniques in a controlled environment. Rhizobial population estimates of the soils ranged from non-detectable to >1.5×10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ soil and 49% of the soils had rhizobial populations of 300 cfu g⁻¹ soil, 13% contained ineffective rhizobial populations, while 15% contained moderately effective and 72% of soils contained effective rhizobial populations. Soils from southwestern Ethiopia had larger and more effective rhizobial populations while soils from South Ethiopia, West Ethiopia, and Assossa areas mostly contained few and/or ineffective populations Therefore, widespread inoculation responses are unlikely in Southwestern Ethiopia, while extension efforts related to inoculation of soybean should be targeted to South Ethiopia, West Ethiopia, and Assossa areas to provide the greatest likely benefit. The results of this study are relevant to the soybean industry, inoculant companies, and the rhizobial inoculation programs of various governmental and non-governmental institutions in Ethiopia and potentially in other African countries with low soil pH where soybean is grown. Low soil pH and the population density of resident soil rhizobia are shown here to be important factors that have contributed to inconsistent responses to soybean inoculation in Ethiopia. The results showed soybean yield in acid soils can be improved as a result of selection and testing of new isolates from a combination of controlled environment screening and field evaluation. Genetic analysis has indicated effective rhizobia are not specific to a particular taxonomic group, or to a particular location, which indicates that an effective strain may be selected randomly from any region.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 201