A semi-analytic calculation on the atmospheric tau neutrino flux in the GeV to TeV energy range

We present a semi-analytic calculation on the atmospheric tau neutrino flux in the GeV to TeV energy range. The atmospheric $\nu_{\tau}$ flux is calculated for the entire zenith angle range. This flux is contributed by the oscillations of muon neutrinos coming from the two-body $\pi, K$ decays and the three-body $\mu^{\pm}$ decays, and the intrinsic tau neutrino flux surviving the oscillations. The uncertainties in our calculations are discussed in detail. The implications of our result are also discussed.Comment: Revtex, 30 pages (including 13 figures); paper expanded and title slightly changed, to appear in Astroparticle Physic

ION TRANSPORT IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTES

Batteries with superior performance will advance many technologies, such as the field of energy storage and electrochemical devices. Traditional lithium ion batteries based on liquid electrolytes have intrinsic problems such as leaking, dendrite growth, and those problems are associated with fire or even explosion hazard. Extensive efforts have been devoted into the development of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), which would not only reduce the size and weight of the batteries, but also solve safety related issues. However, none of current dry SPEs have reached the desired conductivity of 10-3 [0.001] S/cm at ambient temperature. The ion conductivity is controlled by two parameters, the free ion concentration and ion diffusivity. Despite the generally accepted theory that ion diffusion is facilitated by the segmental relaxation of the polymer, the mechanism of ion transport in SPEs is not completely understood. In this dissertation, the ion transport in different SPEs systems were studied with a combination of experimental techniques: dielectric spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and rheology. The ion transport mechanism was investigated in poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) doped with LiClO4 [lithium perchlorate]. A comprehensive analysis was performed by systematically varying the temperature, pressure, polymer molecular weight and salt concentration. It was found that the ion transport was controlled by the segmental relaxation of the “ion-rich” phase in the system, which obeyed the traditional theory. On the contrary, decoupling was observed in several carbonate and styrene based polymer electrolytes. Analysis indicated that the decoupling feature might be related to the packing frustration in those systems. Polymerized ionic liquids (PolyILs) offer an opportunity of combining the high conductivity of ionic liquids and the superior mechanical strength of polymer. Unlike their small molecule analogue-aprotic ionic liquids, decoupling feature was observed in studied PolyILs. The variation of the pendant group structures altered the fragility index of the samples and thus the degree of decoupling. Unraveling the mechanisms of the ion transport and structure-property relationship in SPEs is of obvious fundamental and industrial importance. Findings in this work suggested new routes for future polymer electrolytes design of desired properties

Judicial Proposal: The Practical Review and System Evolution of Extended Jurisdiction

The court judicial proposal has been used in the administrative justice practice more and more widely, but there is an obvious gap between the ideal prospect of system construction and the real effect. Based on the summary and analysis of the problems with the operation of the judicial proposal system in the administrative justice, this paper makes a deep reflection and discussion on the system itself, and then puts forward the approaches to promote the judicial proposal system in the administrative justice

Market Efficiency: Its Economic and Theological Implications

In finance, market efficiency, or equivalently, the Efficient Market Hypothesis, assumes that the market can transmit information completely, instantly, and freely so that asset prices reflect the fair value of the investment. An efficient market would imply that the prices were always right and that no group of investors should be able to consistently beat the market. In this article, I review the evolution of modern finance and the evidence for and against the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Decades of empirical research and historical events, such as dot-com bubble and the 2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis, resulted in a paradigm shift and made behavioral finance mainstream. I also offer some theological thoughts about finance research on this topic. I argue that our behavioral biases in investing betray our finitude, noetic effects of sin, as well as our impulse-and-intuition-driven humanity. More importantly, I argue that God is behind everything in a probabilistic way, not a deterministic way and tail events may be an important part of God’s mysterious design

Pension Incentives and Premature Retirement

This is a study of people’s retirement timing under defined benefit pension plans (DB plans). The actuarial structure of DB pensions generally creates strong incentive for people to stay with their employers, at least to their early retirement ages, not to retire beforehand. Upon tracking respondents covered by DB plans in the Wave I (1992 cohort) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) until they left their 1992 employers, we found that a significant percentage of people (about 17%) left their jobs prior to their early retirement ages. Why did people leave prematurely? Several possible hypotheses were considered and examined. Through simple tabulation analyses, we found that workers in the early-leaving group tend to have significantly smaller pension benefits and significantly poorer knowledge about their pensions. The impact of self-reported health status and early retirement windows were not evident. Logistic regressions showed that conditional on age dummies, pension size, and having basic pension knowledge was strongly negatively correlated to premature departure. Both excellent and poor health statuses correlate positively with early departure. Accepting an early-out window also had a significantly positive correlation with early departure

The Dilemma and Solution of China’s Judicial Mediation

Ever since the mid 1990s, the trial session at the people’s court has undergone a development from complete reliance on the sentence to a combination of mediation and sentence employed in proper cases and then to a combination of priority given to mediation. Current judicial mediation is beset with both internal and external troubles, confronted with condemnation from the academic field as well as doubts about the court system itself. We should conduct a rational analysis on judicial mediation by considering possible challenges as well as affirming its responsibility. Accordingly, proper adjustment should be done to regulate and perfect the principles, case types and supervision of mediation