531 research outputs found

    A Minimal Model of Burst-Noise Induced Bistability

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    We investigate the influence of intrinsic noise on stable states of a one-dimensional dynamical system that shows in its deterministic version a saddle-node bifurcation between monostable and bistable behaviour. The system is a modified version of the Schl\"ogl model, which is a chemical reaction system with only one type of molecule. The strength of the intrinsic noise is varied without changing the deterministic description by introducing bursts in the autocatalytic production step. We study the transitions between monostable and bistable behavior in this system by evaluating the number of maxima of the stationary probability distribution. We find that changing the size of bursts can destroy and even induce saddle-node bifurcations. This means that a bursty production of molecules can qualitatively change the dynamics of a chemical reaction system even when the deterministic description remains unchanged.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figure

    Reference Points and Effort Provision

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    A key open question for theories of reference-dependent preferences is what determines the reference point. One candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision. We find that effort provision is significantly different between treatments in the way predicted by models of expectation-based reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low.Reference Points; Expectations; Loss Aversion; Disappointment; Experiment

    Reference Points and Effort Provision

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    A key open question for theories of reference-dependent preferences is what determines the reference point. One candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision. We find that effort provision is significantly different between treatments in the way predicted by models of expectation-based reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low.reference points, expectations, loss aversion, risk aversion, disappointment, experiment

    Context in Synthetic Biology: Memory Effects of Environments with Mono-molecular Reactions

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    Synthetic biology aims at designing modular genetic circuits that can be assembled according to the desired function. When embedded in a cell, a circuit module becomes a small subnetwork within a larger environmental network, and its dynamics is therefore affected by potentially unknown interactions with the environment. It is well-known that the presence of the environment not only causes extrinsic noise but also memory effects, which means that the dynamics of the subnetwork is affected by its past states via a memory function that is characteristic of the environment. We study several generic scenarios for the coupling between a small module and a larger environment, with the environment consisting of a chain of mono-molecular reactions. By mapping the dynamics of this coupled system onto random walks, we are able to give exact analytical expressions for the arising memory functions. Hence, our results give insights into the possible types of memory functions and thereby help to better predict subnetwork dynamics.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures Accepted Versio

    Cardiovascular Consequences of Unfair Pay

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    This paper investigates physiological responses to perceptions of unfair pay. In a simple principal agent experiment agents produce revenue by working on a tedious task. Principals decide how this revenue is allocated between themselves and their agents. In this environment unfairness can arise if an agent's reward expectation is not met. Throughout the experiment we record agents' heart rate variability. Our findings provide evidence of a link between perceived unfairness and heart rate variability. The latter is an indicator of stress-related impaired cardiac autonomic control, which has been shown to predict coronary heart diseases in the long run. Establishing a causal link between unfair pay and heart rate variability therefore uncovers a mechanism of how perceptions of unfairness can adversely affect cardiovascular health. We further test potential adverse health effects of unfair pay using data from a large representative data set. Complementary to our experimental findings we find a strong and highly significant association between health outcomes, in particular cardiovascular health, and fairness of pay.fairness, social preferences, inequality, heart rate variability, health, experiments, SOEP

    Cardiovascular Consequences of Unfair Pay

    Get PDF
    This paper investigates physiological responses to perceptions of unfair pay. In a simple principal agent experiment agents produce revenue by working on a tedious task. Principals decide how this revenue is allocated between themselves and their agents. In this environment unfairness can arise if an agent's reward expectation is not met. Throughout the experiment we record agents' heart rate variability. Our findings provide evidence of a link between perceived unfairness and heart rate variability.The latter is an indicator of stressrelated impaired cardiac autonomic control, which has been shown to predict coronary heart diseases in the long run. Establishing a causal link between unfair pay and heart rate variability therefore uncovers a mechanism of how perceptions of unfairness can adversely affect cardiovascular health. Wefurther test potential adverse health effects of unfair pay using data from a large representative data set. Complementary to our experimental findings we find a strong and highly significant association between health outcomes, in particular cardiovascular health, and fairness of pay.Fairness, social preferences, inequality, heart rate variability, health, experiments, SOEP

    Reference Points and Effort Provision

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    A key open question for theories of reference-dependent preferences is what determines the reference point. One candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision. We find that effort provision is significantly different between treatments in the way predicted by models of expectation-based reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low

    Longevity and Patience

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    Stochastische Modelle und Umgebungseffekte im Kontext der Synthetischen Biologie

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    Die Synthetische Biologie versteht sich als ein interdisziplinĂ€res Forschungsgebiet, das die Entwicklung komplexer kĂŒnstlicher biologischer Systeme zum Ziel hat. Neben der erfolgreichen Integration von synthetischen Schaltungen in lebende Organismen, bedarf es hierzu passender Analyse- und Messtechnik sowie eines theoretischen VerstĂ€ndnisses der zugrunde liegenden komplexen biochemischen Wechselwirkungen. In der Synthetischen Biologie arbeiten folglich Biologie und Chemie eng mit Ingenieurwissenschaften, Physik und Informatik zusammen. Im Kontext dieser InterdisziplinaritĂ€t werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Methoden und Modelle der theoretischen Physik beschrieben, welche in der Synthetischen Biologie Anwendung finden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird ein konkretes biologisches System, ein auf dem CRISPR/dCas9- System beruhender logischer Schalter, analysiert und modelliert. Experimentelle Daten von Messungen an Hefezellen zeigen hier, dass das System ein bimodales Schaltverhalten zeigt. Zur ErklĂ€rung dieser Beobachtung werden ein deterministisches sowie ein stochastisches Modell ent- wickelt. Mithilfe dieser Modelle lĂ€sst sich das Verhalten des CRISPR/dCas9-Systems nachbilden, womit ein ErklĂ€rungsansatz fĂŒr die zugrunde liegenden biologischen ZusammenhĂ€nge gegeben wird. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit geht auf ein generelles Problem der Synthetischen Biologie ein, nĂ€mlich die sogenannten Kontexteffekte. Hiermit werden allgemein alle Effekte bezeichnet, die durch die Umgebung, in welche ein synthetischer Schaltkreis eingebettet wird, verursacht werden. Zur besseren Analyse dieser oft nicht vernachlĂ€ssigbaren Einwirkungen werden die durch verschiedene mögliche Umgebungstopologien erzeugten Memory-Effekte analytisch berechnet. Anhand von verschiedenen biologischen Beispielen zeigen wir dann, wie stark sich die Umgebung auf das Verhalten des Schaltkreises auswirken kann. Das PhĂ€nomen, dass deterministische und probabilistische Beschreibung grundlegend verschie- dene Ergebnisse liefern, betrachtet der dritte Teil der Arbeit. Die theoretische Physik ist bestrebt, beobachtbare PhĂ€nomene durch möglichst einfache und zugĂ€ngliche Modelle darzustellen und damit auch zu erklĂ€ren. Zu diesem Zweck wird im dritten Teil ein minimales Modell vorgestellt, welches ausreichend ist, um durch sogenanntes Burstrauschen verursachte stabile ZustĂ€nde darzustellen. Mittels deterministischer Methoden kann das beobachtete Systemverhalten nicht korrekt vorhergesagt werden. Zur Analyse des Effektes nutzen wir daher eine Gleichung, welche die Extrema der Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung beschreibt. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen des vorigen Kapitels wird im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit kurz die Rolle von minimalen Modellen in der Synthetischen Biologie diskutiert. Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der verschiedenen erkenntnistheoretischen Ziele von Ingenieur- und Naturwissen- schaften beleuchten wir dabei, ob und wie theoretische Modelle Nutzen in der Synthetischen Biologie entfalten können. Zusammenfassend wird in dieser Arbeit aufgezeigt, wie stochastische Modellierung und die analytische Behandlung von Umgebungseffekten in der Synthetischen Biologie eingesetzt werden können. Die verschiedenen vorgestellten Herangehensweisen lassen sich dabei als grundlegende Methoden verstehen, auf die Modellierer in Zukunft zurĂŒckgreifen können
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