Walker 256 tumor growth suppression by crotoxin involves formyl peptide receptors and lipoxin a(4)

We investigated the effects of Crotoxin (CTX), the main toxin of South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom, on Walker 256 tumor growth, the pain symptoms associated (hyperalgesia and allodynia), and participation of endogenous lipoxin A(4). Treatment with CTX (s.c.), daily, for 5 days reduced tumor growth at the 5th day after injection of Walker 256 carcinoma cells into the plantar surface of adult rat hind paw. This observation was associated with inhibition of new blood vessel formation and decrease in blood vessel diameter. The treatment with CTX raised plasma concentrations of lipoxin A 4 and its natural analogue 15-epi-LXA(4) 4, an effect mediated by formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). In fact, the treatment with Boc-2, an inhibitor of FPRs, abolished the increase in plasma levels of these mediators triggered by CTX. The blockage of these receptors also abolished the inhibitory action of CTX on tumor growth and blood vessel formation and the decrease in blood vessel diameter. Together, the results herein presented demonstrate that CTX increases plasma concentrations of lipoxin A 4 and 15-epi-LXA 4, which might inhibit both tumor growth and formation of new vessels via FPRs.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (fellowship-CAPES)PAP (fellowship-Secretaria da Saude do Estado de Sao Paulo)FAPESP [07/52447-8]Guggenheim FoundationSpecial Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilCEIS/Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, BrazilLaboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilDepartment of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 174, 13600-970 Araras, SP, BrazilLaboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, BrazilDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilDepartment of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilLaboratory of Inflammation and Vascular Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 07/52447-8Web of Scienc

Effect of crotoxin on function and metabolism of glucose and glutamine of macrophages during tumor progression.

Dados da Literatura têm demonstrado que a CTX, toxina majoritária do veneno de serpente Crotalus durissus terrificus apresenta efeitos anti-inflamatório, imunomodulatório e antitumoral. A CTX modula, particularmente, as funções de macrófagos, células fundamentais para os mecanismos da defesa inata e de importância central na gênese e progressão tumoral. No início da progressão tumoral, os macrófagos apresentam fenótipo pró-inflamatório, caracterizado pela liberação de citocinas inflamatórias, tais como IL-1, IL-6 e TNF-a, reativos intermediários do nitrogênio (RNI) e do reativos intermediários do oxigênio (ROI). No contexto tumoral, os macrófagos inflamatórios inibem o crescimento tumoral, erradicando as células tumorais e estimulando a resposta imune. Por outro lado, os macrófagos anti-inflamatórios encontrados quando o tumor está estabelecido, ou seja, quando atinge o tamanho de 1 cm3, contribuem para a progressão do tumor por produzir mediadores pró-angiogênicos por expressarem baixos níveis das citocinas inflamatórias, perda da capacidade de liberação e de produção de ROI e RNI, importantes para ação tumoricida. Estudos realizados pelo nosso grupo demonstraram que a CTX, após 14 dias de uma única administração, estimula a liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio e produção de óxido nítrico, além de modular a secreção de citocinas por macrófagos obtidos da cavidade peritoneal de ratos normais. Desta forma, considerando que esses mediadores são fundamentais no controle de progressão tumoral, é relevante investigar se a CTX estimula a produção desses mediadores pelos macrófagos obtidos de animais portadores de tumor. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da CTX sobre a função e o metabolismo de macrófagos peritoneais obtidos de ratos portadores de tumor de Walker 256. Para tanto, ratos machos da linhagem Wistar foram injetados, por via s.c., no flanco posterior direito, o volume de 1 mL de salina estéril contendo 2x107 de células tumorais. Numa primeira abordagem, a CTX (18mg/animal) foi administrada no subcutâneo dos animais no 5º dia após a inoculação das células tumorais. Após 14 dias da inoculação das células tumorais, macrófagos peritoneais foram obtidos e os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: a) liberação de H2O2 e, produção de NO e citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-1b, TNF-a e IL-6) e b) a atividade máxima da hexoquinase, glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, citrato sintase e a produção de 14CO2 de glicose [U-14C] e glutamina [U-14C]. O tratamento com a CTX estimulou a produção de H2O2 e de NO, a secreção das citocinas IL-1b e do TNF-a e a atividade do metabolismo de glicose e glutamina. Em outra abordagem, a administração da CTX foi concomitante à inoculação das células tumorais. Após 14 dias, os macrófagos apresentaram as atividades secretórias e metabólicas estimuladas. Esses dados colocam a CTX não apenas como ferramenta científica para investigar as funções e o metabolismo de macrófagos, como também para a melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na progressão tumoral.Crotoxin (CTX), the major toxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom induces an inhibitory effect on tumoral growth and modulates, particularly, the functions of macrophages, fundamental cells to provide a defense mechanism against tumor cell. In early tumor progression, macrophages are avidly phagocytic (inflammatory cell) releasing reactive nitrogen intermediates-RNI/ROI and cytokines TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6. However, when the tumor is installed, tumor-associated macrophage (angiogenic cell) presents a decrease in these abilities. Our group demonstrates that CTX stimulates the H2O2 release and NO production and the secretion of the cytokines by peritoneal MÆ obtained from non-tumor-bearing rats. Thus, considering that these are key mediators in the control of tumor progression, it is important to investigate whether CTX stimulates the production of these mediators by macrophages obtained from tumor-bearing animals. The aim of this work was to evaluate the CTX effect on macrophage functions and metabolism of peritoneal macrophage obtained of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were inoculated subcutaneously in the right flank with 1 ml of sterile suspension of 2×107 Walker 256 tumor cells. In a first approach, CTX (18mg/animal) was administered subcutaneously animals on day 5 after inoculation of tumor cells. After 14 days of tumor cell inoculation, peritoneal macrophages were obtained and the following parameters were evaluated: a) release of H2O2 and NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, TNF-a and IL-6) and b) maximal activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and 14CO2 production from [U-14C]-glucose and [U-14C]-glutamine. The treatment with CTX stimulated NO or H2O2 production, cytokine secretion and glucose and glutamine metabolism. In another set of experiments, CTX injected concomitant with tumor cell inoculation. After 14 days macrophages presented metabolism and secretory activity stimulated. These data CTX not only as a scientific tool to investigate the functions and metabolism of macrophages, but also for better understanding of the mechanisms involved in tumor progression

Walker 256 Tumor Growth Suppression by Crotoxin Involves Formyl Peptide Receptors and Lipoxin A 4

We investigated the effects of Crotoxin (CTX), the main toxin of South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom, on Walker 256 tumor growth, the pain symptoms associated (hyperalgesia and allodynia), and participation of endogenous lipoxin A4. Treatment with CTX (s.c.), daily, for 5 days reduced tumor growth at the 5th day after injection of Walker 256 carcinoma cells into the plantar surface of adult rat hind paw. This observation was associated with inhibition of new blood vessel formation and decrease in blood vessel diameter. The treatment with CTX raised plasma concentrations of lipoxin A4 and its natural analogue 15-epi-LXA4, an effect mediated by formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). In fact, the treatment with Boc-2, an inhibitor of FPRs, abolished the increase in plasma levels of these mediators triggered by CTX. The blockage of these receptors also abolished the inhibitory action of CTX on tumor growth and blood vessel formation and the decrease in blood vessel diameter. Together, the results herein presented demonstrate that CTX increases plasma concentrations of lipoxin A4 and 15-epi-LXA4, which might inhibit both tumor growth and formation of new vessels via FPRs