Expressed Emotion in the Family: A Meta-Analytic Review of Expressed Emotion as a Mechanism of the Transgenerational Transmission of Mental Disorders

Background High Expressed Emotion (HEE) has been identified as a risk factor for the exacerbation and course of mental illness. EE has been investigated as a caregiver's response to an offspring's problem behavior and pathology. The present meta-analysis regards EE from a transgenerational perspective and as one mechanism that might explain the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. Method We identified a total of 13 studies relying on 16 independent samples of parent-child dyads of parents with a mental illness and healthy controls; these were included in our analysis. Results were synthesized into one effect size per sample; meta-regression on additional effects of parental diagnostic category, child mental illness, and child age were also applied. Results Parents with a mental illness are classified as HEE significantly more often. Effects were established for high criticism, albeit of small size (OR = 1.45), although they become stronger whenever offspring exhibit mental illness themselves (OR = 2.82). Conclusion The current study highlights the dearth of studies on EE in families in which a parent has a mental illness and its effects on their children. Our findings highlight EE as a potential mechanism for attributing the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders, especially for the EE-variable criticism, indicating dysfunctional parent-child interactions. Systematic Review Registration http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019117609, identifier: CRD42019117609.Peer Reviewe

Kinder von Eltern mit psychischen Erkrankungen: Messbarkeit und Identifikation von Interaktionsunterschieden auf Grundlage eines Modells der Transgenerationalen Transmission psychischer Erkrankungen

Schätzungen zufolge leben etwa 38.5 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen bei einem Elternteil, der im Verlauf ihrer Entwicklung eine psychische Erkrankung entwickelt oder aufweist. Dies stellt einen erheblichen Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer psychischen Erkrankung der Kinder dar. Die vorhandene Forschung zur transgenerationalen Transmission psychischer Erkrankungen beschreibt die Interaktion zwischen Eltern und Kindern als zentralen Mechanismus für die Weitergabe einer psychischen Erkrankung an die Folgegeneration. In bestehenden Studien wird die Eltern-Kind-Interaktion stets störungsspezifisch untersucht und Messmodelle werden mit dieser Limitation überprüft. Ob die Eltern-Kind-Interaktion als störungsübergreifender Mechanismus gemessen werden kann und welche Unterschiede gegenüber Eltern ohne eine psychische Erkrankung identifiziert werden können, ist bisher unklar. An dieser Stelle versucht die vorliegende Arbeit die bestehende Forschungslücke zu schließen. Die von der vorliegenden Arbeit identifizierte dyadische Reziprozität wie auch die elterliche Feinfühligkeit sind in der Gruppe der Eltern mit psychischer Erkrankung, unabhängig von der spezifischen elterlichen Diagnose, signifikant geringer im Vergleich zu Eltern ohne eine psychische Erkrankung ausgeprägt. Der Crit-Status, als Ausprägung von HEE, ist bei Eltern mit einer psychischen Erkrankung häufiger. Dieser Befund zu Crit ist jedoch auf Eltern mit einer Depression oder Angststörung beschränkt, da zu anderen psychischen Erkrankungen keine Befunde vorliegen. Eine geringere Ausprägung der dyadischen Reziprozität, der Feinfühligkeit sowie mehr elterlicher Crit ist in der bestehenden Literatur mit negativen Auswirkungen für die kindliche Entwicklung, der Entstehung von kindlichen Verhaltensproblemen sowie einem schlechteren Therapieansprechen assoziiert

How do children of parents with mental illness experience stigma? A systematic mixed studies review

Stigma can have devastating health and wellbeing impacts, not just on people with mental health problems, but on people associated with the stigmatized person. This is called stigma-by-association. Children whose parents have mental health problems are a particularly vulnerable group, and stigma acts as a mechanism, contributing to the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. The current study is a systematic mixed studies review, synthesizing knowledge about how this group of children experience stigma-by-association. Overall, 32 studies were included, after a systematic search including quantitative, qualitatative, and mixed methods studies. The methodological quality was assessed and qualitative content analysis undertaken. We grouped children's stigma experiences into four dimensions, i.e., experienced stigma, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma, and structural discrimination. Results show that stigma is an important factor in those children's lives, and needs further investigation in qualitative and quantitative research. The current study emphasizes the importance of anti-stigma interventions and campaigns

Collaborative Work on Ontologies - A Report

Supply chains are vulnerable and inherently complex processes. In-creasing the resilience of supply chains is realised, if the stakeholders involved have agreed on a clear language. Only this enables a comprehensive, unambiguous and fast exchange of information. Ontologies serve as a powerful formal tool to realize an appropriate communication framework. They are designed to make communication and information exchange between stakeholders and machines unambiguous and thus efficient. This paper addresses the challenges and solutions associated with the fact that ontologies need to reflect agreed definitions of a domain, as we face them in the SC3 and CoyPu projects

Collaborative and Cross-Stakeholder Ontology Engineering

One of the major challenges in developing ontologies is to efficiently merge domain knowledge and expert knowledge to enable efficient and effective work on formal modelling of the domain in focus. This paper outlines the current state of developments in the Semantically Connected Semiconductor Supply Chains (SC3) project and its application in the BMBF-funded Cognitive Economy Intelligence Platform for Economic Ecosystem Resilience (CoyPu) project. We are using the SC3 Ontology Platform in CoyPu to promote effective information sharing among the various stakeholders in the development of the ontology. Thus, the application of SC3 Ontology Platform is used to ensure that the knowledge of non-knowledge workers (domain experts) and knowledge workers come together efficiently. This paper first introduces the CoyPu project and the current ontology development; then the SC3 Ontology Platform and its main components are presented. The paper concludes with the analysis of a first usability evaluation

Formation of trans-epoxy fatty acids correlates with formation of isoprostanes and could serve as biomarker of oxidative stress

International audienceIn mammals, epoxy-polyunsaturated fatty acids (epoxy-PUFA) are enzymatically formed from naturally occurring all-cis PUFA by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases leading to the generation of cis-epoxy-PUFA (mixture of R,S-and S,R-enantiomers). In addition, also non-enzymatic chemical peroxidation gives rise to epoxy-PUFA leading to both, cis-and trans-epoxy-PUFA (mixture of R,R-and S,S-enantiomers). Here, we investigated for the first time trans-epoxy-PUFA and the trans/cis-epoxy-PUFA ratio as potential new biomarker of lipid peroxidation. Their formation was analyzed in correlation with the formation of isoprostanes (IsoP), which are commonly used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Five oxidative stress models were investigated including incubations of three human cell lines as well as the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) and analysis of murine kidney tissue after renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). A comprehensive set of IsoP and epoxy-PUFA derived from biologically relevant PUFA (ARA, EPA and DHA) was simultaneously quantified by LC-ESI(-)-MS/ MS. Following renal IRI only a moderate increase in the kidney levels of IsoP and no relevant change in the trans/cis-epoxy-PUFA ratio was observed. In all investigated cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2 and Caki-2) as well as C. elegans a dose dependent increase of both, IsoP and the trans/cis-epoxy-PUFA ratio in response to the applied t-BOOH was observed. The different cell lines showed a distinct time dependent pattern consistent for both classes of autoxidatively formed oxylipins. Clear and highly significant correlations of the trans/cis-epoxy-PUFA ratios with the IsoP levels were found in all investigated cell lines and C. elegans. Based on this, we suggest the trans/cis-epoxy-PUFA ratio as potential new biomarker of oxidative stress, which warrants further investigation