A study on stryhcnos potatorum and pisum sativum as natural coagulants for meat food processing wastewater

Wastewater generated from meat food processing industry has significant effects on the environment. Many methods have been reported for removing turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease (O&G) and colour from meat food processing wastewater (MFPW). The most common method among them is flocculation-coagulation process which is widely used. Although inorganic coagulants are prominent in wastewater treatments, its application may cause toxic residual. In this study, the attempt has been made to study the performance of S. Potatorum (nirmali) and P. Sativum (pea) seed as natural coagulants in the flocculation process. A further aim is to determine the optimum conditions for the treatment of MFPW effluents such as coagulant dosage, mixing rate and pH. An adsorption study was also carried out to study the adsorption potential of these coagulants to treat MFPW. A lab-scale treatment tank was developed to evaluate the effectiveness in MFPW treatment. Jar test results showed that optimum dosage, pH and mixing rate for S. Potatorum were pH 8 with dosage of 150 mg/L and 150 rpm mixing rate with the removal of turbidity, TSS, COD, O&G and colour are 91%, 97.6%, 58.4%, 79.9% and 84.3% respectively. Meanwhile, for P. Sativum, the optimum condition were observed at pH 8 with dosage of 150 mg/L and 150 rpm mixing rate with the removal of turbidity, TSS, COD, O&G and colour 87.8%, 97.3%, 65.5%, 77.9% and 76.5% respectively. The adsorption study was found that the analysis fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm for both natural coagulants. Results show that the percentage of turbidity, TSS, COD, O&G removal by chemical coagulants are quite similar than natural coagulants when lab-scale treatment tank was used to treat the MFPW. This indicated that these natural coagulants have a potential to use as alternative in wastewater treatment

Evaluating pre-treatment methods in the isolation and purification of monoclonal IgG antibody

In this study, the effects of different sample preparation techniques on the separation of monoclonal antibody IgG I were inve st igated experimentally. Monoclonal IgG I was obtained from hybridoma cell line TB /C3 transfected with bcl-2 carrier plasmid. which was grown in serum-free medium. Three different pre-treatment techniques prior to Protein G affinity chromat ography have been used in order to concentrate and partial purify the monoclonal antibody . The pre-treatments researched in this paper are precipitation of the antibody by ammonium sulfate, dilution of the antibody in the binding buffer of affinity chromatography and ultra filtration through an Amicon Ultra- 15 filter with molecular weight cut-off at 100 kDa. Purification through direct application of the antibody onto the Protein G affinity column without pre-treatments was used as a control method. The results indicate that the ultra filtration through an Amicon filter was an effective method for both concentration and partial purification of the antibodies in laboratory scale

The legal protection for woman against violence : problems and prospects / Fadzilah Hassan

The aim of this project paper is to look at every topical issue which causes public concern ie. violence against women. Violence canes in many forms either mental or physical. Coirmon physical violence are rape, incests, sexual assaults and battery. Mental violence are the mental torture that the women has to endure in the hands of men. The writer also attempts to look at reasons behirxJ the increasing number "of violence aginst women. The way women are portrayed over the mass media is one of the chief courses leading to this violence. This factor is contributed by the attitude of security towards women. Society viewed a woman only as a wife, mother or servant of men. When a woman gets raped she is ridiculed and society usually puts the blame on her for being raped. Conservative society viewed sex as something shameful and should not be discussed in public. As a result girls of tender age are ignorant and do not know what acts and attention showered on them are right or wrong

A proanthocyanidin from cinnamomum zeylanicum stimulates phosphorylation of insulin receptor in 3t3-l1 adipocytes

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is due to in large part to insulin resistance, a state where the target cells are no longer responding to ordinary levels of circulating insulin. A drug that promotes the initiation of insulin receptor (IR) signaling by enhancing IR phosphorylation should be useful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. To investigate a compound that is able to phosphorylate IR, a proanthocyanidin, cinnamtannin B1, has been isolated from the stem bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae). The structure of the compound was established by spectroscopic methods. Cinnamtannin B1 (0.11 mM) activates the phosphorylation of insulin receptor â-subunit on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Like insulin, cinnamtannin B1-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor was inhibited by wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of the glucose transporter (GLUT4); otherwise the phosphorylation was enhanced by vanadate, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. These results suggest that the activity of cinnamtannin B1 is specially mediated by phosphorylation of IR through activation of the PI3K

Caveatable interest in Malaysia / Fadzilah Omar

The provision for lodging caveat is for the purpose of enabling parties to protect interests which, owing to a defect in the instrument or want of form or otherwise, they cannot protect by the ordinary process of registration. Caveat may be entered by the Registrar and by application of third parties. However, this project paper will stress more on caveat entered by application of third parties

The land issue on Banggi Island, Sabah, Malaysia: Deagrarianisation and exclusion of the Bonggi

Bonggi communities live on the island of Banggi in northwest Sabah, Malaysia. Livelihood change since the 1960s has ranged from a complete departure from subsistence production in favour of cash crop production to one of spatial and sectoral diversification. This transformation is such that livelihood and income structures may no longer be wholly dependent on agriculture. This paper benefits from debates on deagrarianisation that in general has altered views concerning the contours of poverty including its causes. According to the deagrarianisation perspective, spatial diversification (delocalisation) of livelihoods occurring through ex-situ employment (often via migration) and sectoral diversification through non-farm employment opportunities both in-situ or ex-situ can provide exit conditions that are amenable to an escape from poverty. Notably, Bryceson (2002) has written on deagrarianisation in the African continent, which takes account of the agrarian transition facing many rural areas captured in the transformation of livelihoods and income structures at the household and community levels. These dramatic changes can occur within a generation and belie the seemingly unchanging and stagnant agricultural orientation of the landscape of many rural areas. The changes in the Bonggi so-ecological landscape are documented in a way that demonstrates a people's agency, despite a lack of political representation and voice

A study on stryi-icnos potatorum and pisum sativum as natural coagulants for meat food processing wastewater

Slow maintained load test is widely used by contractors in Malaysia to ensure the driven pile could accommodate the design load of the structure. Slow maintained load test is a test to determine load-settlement curve and pile capacity for a period of time using conventional load test. Conventional static pile load test equipment is large in size thus making it heavier and takes a long time to install. In addition, it consumes a lot of space which causes congestion at construction sites. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to conduct a conventional load test by replacing the pile kentledge load with anchorage and reaction pile. Preparations of ten designs comprising six commercial designs were reviewed. In addition, four proposed designs were suggested for the setup. Final design was produced based on its safety factors and criteria referred via literature review. The test frame consists of reaction frame with four reaction helical pile with two helixes per reaction pile. The deformation shapes, safety factor, stress, and strain of the design and finite element of the model has been analysed with the use of SolidWorks and Pia.xis 30 software. SolidWorks software emphasizes on the model load-deflection relationship while Plaxis 30 ensures a correlation of reaction between pile uplift force and soil. Then, the model was tested on site to determine the relationship between physical load­deflection and pile-soil uplift force. The results of uplift force and displacement for numerical and physical test were nearly identical which increment of load­displacement graph pattern. The higher the uplift force, the higher the displacement obtained. In conclusion, the result obtained and the design may be considered as a guideline for future application of sustainable slow maintained pile load test

Antioxidant properties of cashew leaves' extracts before and after treatment with activated carbon used in cosmetics

Natural ingredients such as cashew leaves extract could be an attractive candidate in cosmetic formulation. However, the plant extracts are normally dark brown and greenish color that might spoil the appearance of the products if they are added in cosmetic formulation. In order to solve this problem, use of activated carbon was tested to eliminate the intense color of plant extract without affecting the cosmeceutical properties. Ethanol and water extracts of cashew leaves were compared for the cosmeceutical properties mainly antioxidants. The system was tested with different concentrations of cashew leaves extract (CLE-5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) for solid and liqufied form of cashew leaves extract (CLE) before treatment with activated carbon and after treatment with (10, 15, 20 and 25g). The study shows that 15g activated carbon using 20%CLE (water) produces 0.13 radical scavenging activity (RSC%) antioxidant. Moreover, using a similar system, 25%CL (ethanol) produces 0.10(RSC%) antioxidants

Ethnobotany of traditional vegetables used by Sama-Bajau community in Kota Belud, Sabah, and phytochemical and anti-aging investigation of crassocephalum crepidioides

Recording of traditional knowledge (TK) on ethnobotany could be a useful tool to discover new alternative for antioxidant and anti-aging agent from local vegetables. The objectives of this study were: to record ethnobotany of traditional vegetables (ulam) as aging prevention materials, to investigate phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-aging content of Crassocephalum crepidioides, to determine the anti-aging activity and postulate the efficacy of the selected C. crepidioides extracts (CCE) against the effect of induced UVB radiation in human dermal cells line (HSF1184). TK were qualitatively evaluated using semi-structured interviews with six informants. A total of 46 species of traditional vegetables from 41 genera and 25 families were recorded. The informants believed eating ulam would provide them with nutrition and as functional food for anti-aging. Jaccard’s index of similarity for ulam species between Kampung Taun Gusi and Kampung Menunggui was J = 0.348. In average, informants cited 7.67 ± 3.89 vegetable taxa, and there was no significance difference (paired t-test, two tailed (α = 0.05, d.f.= 2) = 4.30, p > 0.05) between genders and knowledge on traditional vegetables (ulam). Distilled water, hot water, and ethanol crude extracts of C. crepidioides (CCE) were tested for total phenolic content (TPC) (Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (TFC) (aluminium chloride colorimetric method), and three antioxidant assays (DPPH scavenging, ABTS decolourization, and FRAP assays). The identification of phytochemical compound was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography method (HPLC), which revealed the presence of polyphenols, namely, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and rutin. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of ethanol extract revealed 44 phytocompound. Ethanol extract has shown higher TPC (175.06 ± 0.574 μg/ml) and TFC (139.72 ± 0.923 μg/ml) compared to water extracts. Anti-aging efficacy of CCE was further evaluated in fibroblast dermalcell line (HSF1184), which was induced for photodamage using UVB radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Findings revealed that at lower concentration CCE water extracts exhibited no cytotoxicity at lower concentration (≤ 200 μg/ml) on proliferation of tested dermal cells line (HSF1184). Meanwhile for ROS scavenging assay in fibroblast cell line, hot water extract has shown the higher scavenging 49.64% ± 3.77% at 250 μg/ml treatment, compared to distilled water extract (39.66% ± 10.82%) and ethanol extract (18.69% ± 4.44%) at the same concentration. The inhibition of elastase by CCE were found at concentration range of 0-100 μg/ml. Collagen content of UV induced cells were observed increased after treated with various concentration (0-100 μg/ml) of CCE. The traditional claim of obtaining anti-aging and antioxidant benefits from eating ulam were scientifically validated in this work