A Refinement of the Relationship between Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Developing Countries

There is mixed evidence in the literature of a clear relationship between income inequality and economic growth. Most of that work has focused almost exclusively on developed economies. In what we believe to be a first effort, our emphasis is solely on developing economics, which we classify as high-income and low-income developing countries (HIDC and LIDC). We make such distinction on theoretical and empirical grounds. Empirically, the World Bank has classified developing economies in this manner since 1978. The data in our sample is also supportive of such classifications. We provide a theoretical scaffolding that uses asymmetric credit constraints as a premise for separating developing economies in such a way. We find strong evidence of a negative relationship between income inequality and economic growth in LIDC to be in stark contrast with a positive inequality-growth relationship for HIDC. Both correlations are statistically significant across multiple econometric specifications. These results are robust to degree of persistence in the variables of interest as well as a measure threshold of income that is estimated endogenously for our sample

The effects of HIV/AIDS infections and mortality on saving and investment

There are competing views of how HIV/AIDS affects saving, and to a lesser extent, investment. One argument is that saving is reduced because of the disease; the other is that saving is actually increased. We find that saving is negatively impacted by the disease in poorer countries but increased in relatively wealthy countries. These results, however, do not translate through to investment. In fact, the absolute value of the impact the disease has on investment is considerably reduced for countries in all income brackets. We hypothesize that because of the significant transfer of resources from firms headquartered in relatively wealthy nations to subsidiaries and communities in poorer countries much of the negative impact that saving would necessarily have on investment is negated

The effects of HIV/AIDS infections and mortality on saving and investment

There are competing views of how HIV/AIDS affects saving, and to a lesser extent, investment. One argument is that saving is reduced because of the disease; the other is that saving is actually increased. We find that saving is negatively impacted by the disease in poorer countries but increased in relatively wealthy countries. These results, however, do not translate through to investment. In fact, the absolute value of the impact the disease has on investment is considerably reduced for countries in all income brackets. We hypothesize that because of the significant transfer of resources from firms headquartered in relatively wealthy nations to subsidiaries and communities in poorer countries much of the negative impact that saving would necessarily have on investment is negated

PBCOV: a property-based coverage criterion

Coverage criteria aim at satisfying test requirements and compute metrics values that quantify the adequacy of test suites at revealing defects in programs. Typically, a test requirement is a structural program element, and the coverage metric value represents the percentage of elements covered by a test suite. Empirical studies show that existing criteria might characterize a test suite as highly adequate, while it does not actually reveal some of the existing defects. In other words, existing structural coverage criteria are not always sensitive to the presence of defects. This paper presents PBCOV, a Property-Based COVerage criterion, and empirically demonstrates its effectiveness. Given a program with properties therein, static analysis techniques, such as model checking, leverage formal properties to find defects. PBCOV is a dynamic analysis technique that also leverages properties and is characterized by the following: (a) It considers the state space of first-order logic properties as the test requirements to be covered; (b) it uses logic synthesis to compute the state space; and (c) it is practical, i.e., computable, because it considers an over-approximation of the reachable state space using a cut-based abstraction.We evaluated PBCOV using programs with test suites comprising passing and failing test cases. First, we computed metrics values for PBCOV and structural coverage using the full test suites. Second, in order to quantify the sensitivity of the metrics to the absence of failing test cases, we computed the values for all considered metrics using only the passing test cases. In most cases, the structural metrics exhibited little or no decrease in their values, while PBCOV showed a considerable decrease. This suggests that PBCOV is more sensitive to the absence of failing test cases, i.e., it is more effective at characterizing test suite adequacy to detect defects, and at revealing deficiencies in test suites

The effects of HIV/AIDS infections and mortality on saving and investment

There are competing views of how HIV/AIDS affects saving, and to a lesser extent, investment. One argument is that saving is reduced because of the disease; the other is that saving is actually increased. We find that saving is negatively impacted by the disease in poorer countries but increased in relatively wealthy countries. These results, however, do not translate through to investment. In fact, the absolute value of the impact the disease has on investment is considerably reduced for countries in all income brackets. We hypothesize that because of the significant transfer of resources from firms headquartered in relatively wealthy nations to subsidiaries and communities in poorer countries much of the negative impact that saving would necessarily have on investment is negated

Construction of a wear system for various steel materials

I deatta arbete har olika nötningstyper identifierats vilka entreprenadmaskiners skopor utsätts för. Utifrån de dominerande nötningstyperna ska en nötningsprovrigg konstrueras som behandlar dessa. Detta då företaget Borox som förser entreprenad och vägindustrin med slitstarka stålmaterial ska kunna testa sina material och få en relativ uppskattning om nötningsbeständighet och lämplighet på sina produkter.  En produktutvecklingsprocess följdes under arbetet och en lämplig provrigg valdes för att sedan konstrueras och ritas.

SPATIAL DEPENDENCE OF INCOME INEQUALITY AMONG TRADING PARTNERS

Questions surrounding income inequality have received great attention in the recent economic literature. Traditionally the literature does not attempt to investigate how income inequality in a country could be affected by the income inequality of countries economically related to it. Using Trade Spatial Lags, this paper shows that a country's income inequality is affected by the inequality of its top trading partners. This investigation shows a strong positive relationship of the Gini coefficient among major trading partners. To conduct the study, we use panel data for a sample of 180 countries from 1960 to 2008.Spatial econometrics, income inequality, Gini coefficient