Supporting women farmers in a changing climate: five policy lessons

Policies, institutions and services to help farmers develop new approaches to deal with climate change will need to produce results for women farmers as well as men. This brief provides five policy lessons to support this process, based on evidence from research in low- and middle- income countries and offers guidelines for crafting gender-responsive climate policies at global and national levels. This research was presented in March 2015 at a seminar in Paris on ‘Closing the gender gap in farming under climate change’, co-organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), the International Social Science Council (ISSC) and Future Earth

Bivariate and Multvariable logistic regression modelling of factors related to treatment response (OR: Odd Ratio, CI95%: 95% Confidence Interval).

<p><i>c</i>-statistics = 0.78, Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit Test p = 0.82.</p

Perinatal characteristics of the population according to the response to Iboprofen.

<p>Perinatal characteristics of the population according to the response to Iboprofen.</p

Clinical characteristics of the population according to the response to Ibuprofen.

<p>Clinical characteristics of the population according to the response to Ibuprofen.</p

Polymorphisms frequencies (N, (%)) of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 in population (n = 111).

<p>Polymorphisms frequencies (N, (%)) of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 in population (n = 111).</p

Densitometric analysis (arbitrary units±SEM) of immunoblots of lung homogenates from control rats at three postnatal ages: day 1, day 7, and day 21 (n = 4 at each stage).

<p>Ponceau S stain was used as loader control. Normalization of immunoblots was achieved through the run of a common sample.</p>*<p>p<0.05 as compared with day 1.</p

MMP2 ELISA values and zymographic analysis of MMP2 activity in tracheal effluents of premature newborns.

<p>Infants were ascribed to one of two subgroups according to their BPD phenotype. Values are means±SEM and were log transformed to respect a normal distribution.</p

Association between MMP16 polymorphisms (A: rs2664349 A/G; B: rs2664352 C/T) and the size of the activated fraction of MMP2 measured in tracheal aspirates.

<p>Aspirates were collected immediately after birth (open bars), and between 1 and 3 days of life (closed bars). * p<0.05 in post-hoc analysis.</p

SNP genotypes and frequency of BPD in infants; odds ratio and P values for the association between genotype and BPD, after adjustment for birth weight and ethnic origin, using logistic regression.

<p>NC = not calculated</p

Developmental pattern of MMP16 gene and protein expression in control lungs.

<p>A. Immunoblot of lung homogenates from human fetuses without lung disease, at 11 to 36 weeks of gestation. B. Changes in the MMP16 mRNA expression level in rat whole lung tissue. Expression was quantified by real-time PCR from fetal life (canalicular stage of development) to adulthood, in 3 to 5 individual lung samples per stage. The birth level was arbitrarily given a value of 100. Values are means±SEM. * p<0.05 versus birth level. C. Immunoblot of lung homogenates from control rats, from fetal life to adulthood.</p