Homer1a-Dependent Crosstalk Between NMDA and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Mouse Neurons

A large number of evidences suggest that group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1a, 1b, 1c, 5a, 5b) can modulate NMDA receptor activity. Interestingly, a physical link exists between these receptors through a Homer-Shank multi-protein scaffold that can be disrupted by the immediate early gene, Homer1a. Whether such a versatile link supports functional crosstalk between the receptors is unknown.Here we used biochemical, electrophysiological and molecular biological approaches in cultured mouse cerebellar neurons to investigate this issue. We found that Homer1a or dominant negative Shank3 mutants that disrupt the physical link between the receptors allow inhibition of NMDA current by group-I mGluR agonist. This effect is antagonized by pertussis toxin, but not thapsigargin, suggesting the involvement of a G protein, but not intracellular calcium stores. Also, this effect is voltage-sensitive, being present at negative, but not positive membrane potentials. In the presence of DHPG, an apparent NMDA "tail current" was evoked by large pulse depolarization, only in neurons transfected with Homer1a. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed interaction between G-protein betagamma subunits and NMDA receptor in the presence of Homer1a and group-I mGluR agonist.Altogether these results suggest a direct inhibition of NMDA receptor-channel by Gbetagamma subunits, following disruption of the Homer-Shank3 complex by the immediate early gene Homer1a. This study provides a new molecular mechanism by which group-I mGluRs could dynamically regulate NMDA receptor function

Impact of Gephyrin alternative splicing on inhibitory synapses function

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Bergmann Glia and the Recognition Molecule CHL1 Organize GABAergic Axons and Direct Innervation of Purkinje Cell Dendrites

The geometric and subcellular organization of axon arbors distributes and regulates electrical signaling in neurons and networks, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. In rodent cerebellar cortex, stellate interneurons elaborate characteristic axon arbors that selectively innervate Purkinje cell dendrites and likely regulate dendritic integration. We used GFP BAC transgenic reporter mice to examine the cellular processes and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of stellate cell axons and their innervation pattern. We show that stellate axons are organized and guided towards Purkinje cell dendrites by an intermediate scaffold of Bergmann glial (BG) fibers. The L1 family immunoglobulin protein Close Homologue of L1 (CHL1) is localized to apical BG fibers and stellate cells during the development of stellate axon arbors. In the absence of CHL1, stellate axons deviate from BG fibers and show aberrant branching and orientation. Furthermore, synapse formation between aberrant stellate axons and Purkinje dendrites is reduced and cannot be maintained, leading to progressive atrophy of axon terminals. These results establish BG fibers as a guiding scaffold and CHL1 a molecular signal in the organization of stellate axon arbors and in directing their dendritic innervation

Analysis of Splicing Regulation by Third-Generation Sequencing

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Sensing how to balance

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Rôle de la semaphorine 3a et deL1CAM dans la mise en place des reseaux de neurones GABA dans le cervelet

Une des questions fondamentales en neurobiologie du développement est de comprendre quels sont les mécanismes responsables de la formation des circuits neuronaux. Alors que les circuits de neurones projecteurs ont fait l'objet d'études intensives, aujourd'hui encore peu de chose est connu sur les molécules et les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la croissance et la différentiation axonale des interneurones GABA. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai étudié le rôle de la molécule de guidage axonal Semaphorine 3a (Sema3A) dans le développement des axones des interneurones GABA du cervelet. Pour mener à bien cette étude, j'ai développé de nouvelles approches expérimentales in vitro et in vivo. En utilisant ces nouveaux outils, j'ai montré que la SEMA3A était capable d'attirer l'axone des interneurones GABA. In vitro, la SEMA3A induit une augmentation locale de la formation de branches axonales et l'apparition précoce d'un marqueur présynaptique (GAD65). Nous avons également montré que la combinaison d'expression de SEMA3A avec une molécule d'adhésion de la famille L1CAM dans les cellules hétérologues était capable d'induire l'innervation de cette cellule de manière spécifique par les interneurones GABA du cervelet. Cette étude nous a permis de montrer que la combinaison entre une molécule de guidage axonal et une molécule d'adhésion cellulaire spécifique était suffisante pour induire des mécanismes de reconnaissance cellulaire par les interneurones GABA du cervelet.GABAergic interneurons are fundamental component in neural processing and their specific innervation patterns are though to be the building block for physiological brain function and computing. However the molecular and cellular mechanisms that assemble inhibitory local circuits remain largely unknown. In cerebellar cortex, molecular layer GABAergic interneurons are key regulators of cerebellar signal coding and memory formation by sending specifically their axons to innervate the Purkinje cells. Here, we show that a combination of both secreted axon guidance and recognition molecules of L1CAM family is sufficient to trigger target cell recognition by molecular layer GABAergic interneuron s in vivo. Using BAC transgenic reporter mice for cell-type specific gene-expression profiling of secreted SEMAPHORIN molecules, we identified that SEMAPHORIN3A (SEMA3A) expression picked precisely at relevant time-point of GABAergic local circuit formati on. In vitro, in a co-culture model, we found that semaphorin3A (SEMA3A) secreted by CHO cells attracts GABAergic interneurons axons and triggers their local specific branching. In vivo, the injection of these heterologous cells expressing SEMA3A ectopically in the granule cell layer is able to disrupt the crystal like organization of molecular GABAergic interneurons and attracts their axons in this ectopic territory. Moreover we found that both in vitro and in vivo, the co-expression of SEMA3A and the L1CAM family recognition molécules, Neurofascin, but not their respective expression alone, are able to induced heterologous cells innervation by molecular GABAergic interneurons. These results suggest that specific combination between axon guidance molecules and L1CAM family is sufficient to specify cell type recognition in a space and timely dependent manner.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Complex Formed by Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) and Homer1a Plays a Central Role in Metaplasticity and Homeostatic Synaptic Scaling

International audienceG-protein-coupled receptors can be constitutively activated following physical interaction with intracellular proteins. The first example described was the constitutive activation of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR: mGluR1,5) following their interaction with Homer1a, an activity-inducible early-termination variant of the scaffolding protein Homer that lacks dimerization capacity (Ango et al., 2001). Homer1a disrupts the links, maintained by the long form of Homer (cross-linking Homers), between mGluR1,5 and the Shank-GKAP-PSD-95-ionotropic glutamate receptor network. Two characteristics of the constitutive activation of the Group I mGluR-Homer1a complex are particularly interesting: (1) it affects a large number of synapses in which Homer1a is upregulated following enhanced, long-lasting neuronal activity; and (2) it mainly depends on Homer1a protein turnover. The constitutively active Group I mGluR-Homer1a complex is involved in the two main forms of non-Hebbian neuronal plasticity: "metaplasticity" and "homeostatic synaptic scaling," which are implicated in a large series of physiological and pathologic processes. Those include non-Hebbian plasticity observed in visual system, synapses modulated by addictive drugs (rewarded synapses), chronically overactivated synaptic networks, normal sleep, and sleep deprivation

Adressage fonctionnel des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate par les protéines homers dans les neurones

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Developmental gene expression profile of axon guidance cues in Purkinje cells during cerebellar circuit formation

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Purinergic signaling in the cerebellum: Bergmann glial cells express functional ionotropic P2X7 receptors.

International audienceAstrocytes constitute active networks of intercommunicating cells that support the metabolism and the development of neurons and affect synaptic functions via multiple pathways. ATP is one of the major neurotransmitters mediating signaling between neurons and astrocytes. Potentially acting through both purinergic metabotropic P2Y receptors (P2YRs) and ionotropic P2X receptors (P2XRs), up until now ATP has only been shown to activate P2YRs in Bergmann cells, the radial glia of the cerebellar cortex that envelopes Purkinje cell afferent synapses. In this study, using multiple experimental approaches in acute cerebellar slices we demonstrate the existence of functional P2XRs on Bergmann cells. In particular, we show here that Bergmann cells express uniquely P2X7R subtypes: (i) immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of P2X7Rs on Bergmann cell processes, (ii) in whole cell recordings P2XR pharmacological agonists induced depolarizing currents that were blocked by specific antagonists of P2X7Rs, and could not be elicited in slices from P2X₇R-deficient mice and finally, (iii) calcium imaging experiments revealed two distinct calcium signals triggered by application of exogenous ATP: a transient signal deriving from release of calcium from intracellular stores, and a persistent one following activation of P2X7Rs. Our data thus reveal a new pathway by which extracellular ATP may affect glial cell function, thus broadening our knowledge on purinergic signaling in the cerebellum