Body composition analysis of athletes from the elite of Brazilian soccer players Análise da composição corporal de atletas da elite do futebol brasileiro

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the body composition and bone mineral density of elite Brazilian soccer players and compared its differences according to the player position. Eighty-two soccer players competing at Brazilian first division were split according to their field positions: Goalkeepers (GK, n= 10), Backfielders (BF, n= 10), Lateral-midfielders (LM, n= 15), Central-midfielders (CM, n= 25), Forwards (FW, n= 22), and a Control Group (CG, n= 72) of university students. To estimate fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), percentage of body fat (%FM), fat free mass of legs (FFM-Legs) and bone mineral density (BMD), a DEXA was selected. The positions LM (10.5 ± 5.2), CM (9.7 ± 4.0) and FW (9.9 ± 4.4) had lower values of FM and %FM than the GK (17.3 ± 6.0) and the control group (15.0 ± 5.3). Compared to the other positions, FFM was higher in the GK (68.2 ± 10.9) and BF (64.6 ± 6.8) (p< 0.05). All the soccer players were different from the CG (p< 0.05). Soccer players have an FFM, FFM-Legs and BMD significantly higher and FM and %FM lower than the control group. Keywords: athletes, muscle mass, bone density, DXA RESUMO Este estudo analisou a composição corporal e densidade mineral óssea de atletas da elite do futebol brasileiro e comparar as diferenças entre as posições de jogo. Oitenta e dois jogadores de futebol da primeira divisão do Brasil foram divididos de acordo com a posição de jogo. Goleiros (GL, n= 10), Defensores (DF, n= 10), Laterais (LT, n= 15), Centrais (CT, n= 25), Atacantes (AT, n= 22) e um grupo controle (CG, n= 72). Para estimar a massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa gorda (MG), percentual de massa gorda (%MG), massa livre de gordura de pernas (MLG-Pernas) e densidade mineral óssea (DMO), foi usado o DEXA. A posição LT (10.5 ± 5.2), CT (9.7 ± 4.0) e AT (9.9 ± 4.4) apresentaram menores valores de MG e %MG que os GL (17.3 ± 6.0) e GC (15.0 ± 5.3). Comparado a outras posições, a MLG foi maior nos GL (68.2 ± 10.9) e DF (64.6 ± 6.8) (p< 0.05). Todos os jogadores apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao grupo controle (p< 0.05). Em suma, conclui-se que atletas da elite do futebol brasileiro apresentaram significativamente maior MLG, MLG-Pernas, DMO e menor MG e %MG que o grupo controle. Palavras-chave: atletas, massa muscular; densidade mineral óssea Manuscrip

The Role of Inflammation and Immune Cells in Blood Flow Restriction Training Adaptation: A Review

Blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-intensity strength training has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in a variety of populations. BFR results in a robust metabolic stress which is hypothesized to induce muscle growth via increased recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers, a greater endocrine response, and/or enhancing the cellular swelling contribution to the hypertrophic process. Following exercise, neutrophils are the first immune cells to initiate the tissue remodeling process via several mechanisms including an increased production of cytokines and recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, which facilitate the phagocytosis of foreign particles, the differentiation of myoblasts, and the formation of new myotubes. Thus, the purpose of this review was to discuss the mechanisms through which metabolic stress and immune cell recruitment may induce skeletal muscle remodeling following BFR strength training

Effects of a multidisciplinary program on autonomic modulation in overweight or obese children and adolescents

Purpose: this study evaluated the effects of a multidisciplinary program on autonomic modulation in overweight or obese children and adolescents. Methods: fi fteen individuals with 10,93±2,28 years were submitted to autonomic evaluation using heart rate variability before and after a program based on physical exercises for three months, three times a week, 60 minutes per session and psychological and nutritional counseling. Data was analyzed using the paired t-test or Wilcoxon test and the level of signifi cance was set at P < 0.05. Results: multidisciplinary program was able to promote benefi ts in autonomic modulation observed thought temporal (SDNN: 39,96 ± 10,33 x 49,44 ± 12,31; p = 0,019; rMSSD: 28,97 ± 11,50 x 37,26 ± 11,17; p = 0,018), spectral (LFnu: 64,49 ± 12,21 x 56,74 ± 11,18; p = 0,014; HFnu: 35,50 ± 12,21 x 43,25 ± 11,18; p = 0,014) and geometrical (SD1: 20,51 ± 8,13 x 26,36 ± 7,90; p = 0,018 SD2: 52,31 ± 13,04 x 64,58 ± 16,33; p = 0,031) indices in overweigh and obese children and adolescents. Also, after the intervention there was a reduction on resting heart rate (88,53 ± 9,24 x 83,09 ± 7,93; p = 0,023) and there were changes in the classifi cation of overweigh 26,67% x 46,66% and obesity 73,33% x 53,33%, although not significant changes in body mass index. Conclusions: exercise program together with nutritional and psychological counseling is able to promote benefi ts in autonomic modulation in children and adolescents who are overweight or obese

Syzygium cumini Nectar Supplementation Reduced Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, Muscle Damage, and Improved Psychological Response in Highly Trained Young Handball Players

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Syzygium cumini (SC) nectar supplementation on performance, markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and psychological response in Handball players. Twenty-five young athletes (age = 18.6 ± 2.4 years) from an elite high school national level Brazilian Handball team were randomized into two study groups: SC/Jamelon nectar (SC, n = 12) and placebo (n = 13). The subjects ingested 10 mL/kg/day of Jamelon nectar or placebo 30 min before the training sessions and immediately after training cessation, for 28 days. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage of fat mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured by lipid peroxidation, which was quantified by malondialdehyde (MDA). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), creatine kinase (CK) activity, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. The 20 m shuttle run test, vertical jump, and running anaerobic sprint test were assessed to verify performance and the fatigue index was calculated. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was used for psychological evaluation. Both groups demonstrated improved vertical jump performance and a decreased fatigue index over time but without significant differences between them regarding performance. There was statistically significance only for SC in CK, LDH, and MDA, and TAC was greater in the SC compared to placebo. Furthermore, only the SC group demonstrated improved mood disturbance and confusion after the intervention. In conclusion, the present study suggests that SC nectar supplementation reduced biomarkers of oxidative stress and muscle damage, and improved psychological response in young handball players

A global catalog of whole-genome diversity from 233 primate species.

The rich diversity of morphology and behavior displayed across primate species provides an informative context in which to study the impact of genomic diversity on fundamental biological processes. Analysis of that diversity provides insight into long-standing questions in evolutionary and conservation biology and is urgent given severe threats these species are facing. Here, we present high-coverage whole-genome data from 233 primate species representing 86% of genera and all 16 families. This dataset was used, together with fossil calibration, to create a nuclear DNA phylogeny and to reassess evolutionary divergence times among primate clades. We found within-species genetic diversity across families and geographic regions to be associated with climate and sociality, but not with extinction risk. Furthermore, mutation rates differ across species, potentially influenced by effective population sizes. Lastly, we identified extensive recurrence of missense mutations previously thought to be human specific. This study will open a wide range of research avenues for future primate genomic research

The landscape of tolerated genetic variation in humans and primates.

Personalized genome sequencing has revealed millions of genetic differences between individuals, but our understanding of their clinical relevance remains largely incomplete. To systematically decipher the effects of human genetic variants, we obtained whole-genome sequencing data for 809 individuals from 233 primate species and identified 4.3 million common protein-altering variants with orthologs in humans. We show that these variants can be inferred to have nondeleterious effects in humans based on their presence at high allele frequencies in other primate populations. We use this resource to classify 6% of all possible human protein-altering variants as likely benign and impute the pathogenicity of the remaining 94% of variants with deep learning, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy for diagnosing pathogenic variants in patients with genetic diseases

Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests

The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cycle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Based on a unique combination of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measurements and 35 litter productivity measurements), their associated canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonality in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rainfall is  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹ (water-limited forests) and to radiation otherwise (light-limited forests). On the other hand, independent of climate limitations, wood productivity and litterfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosynthetic capacity and wood productivity. First-order control by precipitation likely indicates a decrease in tropical forest productivity in a drier climate in water-limited forest, and in current light-limited forest with future rainfall  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹

Comportamento da prática habitual de atividade física, ingestão alimentar, composição corporal e perfil metabólico em mulheres pós-menopausa, após programas de treinamentos concorrente e aeróbio

Objetivo: Verificar o comportamento da prática habitual de atividade física, ingestão alimentar, perfil metabólico e composição corporal total e segmentar após seis e 12 meses do término de dois programas de treinamento, um aeróbio e outro concorrente, em mulheres pós-menopausa. Métodos: Participaram do estudo mulheres com idade entre 50 a 70 anos, todas na pós-menopausa, da cidade de Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil, randomizadas em três grupos: Treinamento Concorrente (aeróbio+força, TC, n=20), Treinamento Aeróbio (TA, n=20) e Grupo Controle (GC, n=20). As avaliações foram realizadas: pré, pós quatro meses de treinamento e após seis e 12 meses do término da intervenção, e retornaram para avaliação: TC (n=15), TA (n=8) e GC (n=8). A composição corporal foi estimada por meio do DEXA, e perfil metabólico (Colesterol total e frações LDL-c e HDL-c, Triacilglicerol e Glicose) foi analisado. Para avaliação da prática habitual de atividade física (AF) foi utilizado acelerômetros triaxial e a ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio do registro alimentar de 24 h. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa BioEstat, versão 5.0 e a significância estabelecida em 5%. Resultados: Houve redução significante da prática habitual de atividade física leve para o grupo controle pós-intervenção e aumento da ingestão lipídica após seis meses do término dos programas de TA e TC. Houve aumento significante de HDL-c (Pré=54,4±16,1 vs Pós=61,0±17,7 vs Pós 6 meses= 54,9±16,4 vs Pós 12 meses= 56,3±16,1 mg/dl, p<0,05) e massa corporal magra total (Pré=34,4±4,1 vs Pós=35,3±4,3 vs Pós 6 meses= 34,8±4,6 vs Pós 12 meses= 35,3±4,1 kg, p<0,05) e de perna (Pré=11,2 ±1,6 vs Pós=11,5±1,6 vs Pós 6 meses= 11,2±1,6 vs Pós 12 meses= 11,4±1,5 kg; p<0,05) pós-treinamento para o grupo TC, no entanto, a massa magra de perna retornou aos valores iniciais após seis meses do término da intervenção. Conclusão: Nossos resultados salientam a importância da prática regular do exercício físico para a melhora da prática habitual de AF, ingestão alimentar, perfil metabólico e massa corporal magra de mulheres pós-menopausa.Purpose: To verify the daily habit of physical activity, dietary intake, metabolic profile and total and appendicular body composition at six and 12 months after the end of two training programs, an aerobic and another concurrent training program in postmenopausal women. Methods: The participants of the study were postmenopausal women, aged between 50 to 70 years old from Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, randomized into three groups: Concurrent training group (aerobic plus strength, CT, n = 20), Aerobic training group (AT, n = 20) and Control group (CG, n = 20). The assessment was performed: pre, post four months of training and after six and 12 months after program end, and the subjects came back for assessment: CT (n=15), AT (n=8) and CG (n=8). The body composition was estimated by DXA, and the metabolic profile (total cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c, triacylglycerol and glucose) was evaluated. For the daily habit of physical activity (PA) assessment, triaxial accelerometers were used and dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour food record. All statistical analysis were performed using BioEstat software, version 5.0 and significance established at 5%. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction on the light physical activity level for CG, and increased lipid intake six months after program end for AT and CT. There was a significant increase in HDL-c (Pre=54.4±16.1 vs Post=61.0±17.7 vs Post 6 months= 54.9±16.4 vs Post 12 months= 56.3±16.1 mg/dl, p<0.05), total lean mass (Pre=34.4±4.1 vs Post=35.3±4.3 vs Post 6 months= 34.8±4.6 vs Post 12 months= 35.3±4.1 kg, p<0.05) and leg lean mass (Pre=11.2 ±1.6 vs Post=11.5±1.6 vs Post 6 months= 11.2±1.6 vs Post 12 meses= 11.4±1.5 kg; p<0.05) for CT group, but leg lean mass returned to baseline values after six months following the end of the program. Conclusion: Our results highlight the importance of a regular exercise program to improve PA level, dietary intake, metabolic profile and lean mass in postmenopausal women.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES