A Sociolinguistic Study of English and Javanese Kinship Terminology

Misunderstanding in an interaction between people is commonly happened. One cause of this case is a different culture including the way to use language. This study intends to solve this problem by looking at one study in sociolinguistics focusing on the diversity of applying vocabulary in a kinship system of two different background societies, they are English and Javanese. The data collected from three sides, they are: the researcher\u27s knowledge, available book, and participants. The study focuses on the native speaker of English and Javanese. This study results the differences and similarities taken from principles used in deciding kinship system (Nanda and Warms: 2007). Javanese has five priciples, they are Generation, Relative Age, Lineality and Collaterality, Gender, and Consanguineal and Affinal and English had four principles, they were Generation, Lineality and Collaterality, Gender, Consanguineal and Affinal

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Manananggal - a novel viewer for alternative splicing events

Additional figure showing the example of CD44 alternative splicing visualized in IGV (zoom in). (PNG 125 kb

Additional file 5: Figure S4. of Manananggal - a novel viewer for alternative splicing events

Additional figure showing the example of CD44 alternative splicing visualized in DEXSeq. (PNG 303 kb

Additional file 1: of Superior anti-tumor activity of the MDM2 antagonist idasanutlin and the Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax in p53 wild-type acute myeloid leukemia models

Vector sequences for Mcl-1-targeting shRNA. (DOCX 13 kb

Targeting Tumor Cells with Anti-CD44 Antibody Triggers Macrophage-Mediated Immune Modulatory Effects in a Cancer Xenograft Model

<div><p>CD44, a transmembrane receptor reported to be involved in various cellular functions, is overexpressed in several cancer types and supposed to be involved in the initiation, progression and prognosis of these cancers. Since the sequence of events following the blockage of the CD44-HA interaction has not yet been studied in detail, we profiled xenograft tumors by RNA Sequencing to elucidate the mode of action of the anti-CD44 antibody RG7356. Analysis of tumor and host gene-expression profiles led us to the hypothesis that treatment with RG7356 antibody leads to an activation of the immune system. Using cytokine measurements we further show that this activation involves the secretion of chemo-attractants necessary for the recruitment of immune cells (i.e. macrophages) to the tumor site. We finally provide evidence for antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of the malignant cells by macrophages.</p></div

Host responses to RG7356 involve recruitment of immune cells and cell survival.

<p>Host responses to RG7356 involve recruitment of immune cells and cell survival.</p

Tumor and host samples show distinct cytokine secretion profiles upon RG7356 treatment.

<p>(A) Cluster analysis of Luminex cytokine panel. Samples were analyzed at 8 and 168 hours after treatment in both human- and mouse-specific assays. Rows represent analytes, columns represent samples. Only analytes covered by both panels were used for clustering. Circles represent human samples, triangles represent mouse samples; open and solid symbols represent 8 and 168 hours of treatment, respectively, while color codes depict the different treatment groups. (B) and (C) Side-by-side comparison of human (left) and mouse (right) analyte concentrations (pg/ml) for the three different treatments. Shown are concentrations for GM-CSF (B) and MIP-1a (C).</p

The increased amounts of MIP-1a and MCP-1 decline to baseline levels after one week.

<p>Time-course study of MDA-MB231 xenografts over one week after treatment with RG7356. MIP-1a (A) and MCP-1 (B) concentrations were analyzed in obtained tumor lysates by ELISA.</p

RG7356 treatment leads to a deregulation of genes in both tumor and host at early time points.

<p>(A) Number of differentially expressed human and mouse transcripts at 3 different time points of anti-CD44 treatment bearing the IgG1 backbone compared to vehicle control. (B) Number of differentially expressed human and mouse transcripts at 3 different time points of anti-CD44 treatment bearing the IgG4 backbone compared to vehicle control. (C) Heatmap view of predicted activity of biological processes obtained from IPA® downstream processes analysis. Activated processes are shown in different shades of orange, inhibited processes are shown in different shades of blue. If no activity assessment was possible, the biological process is shown in grey.</p

RG7356 treatment leads to phagocytosis of tumor cells.

<p>(A) <i>Ex vivo</i> analysis of MDA-MB-231 xenograft immune infiltrates. Left panel: percentage of CD45⁺CD11b⁺ myeloid cells in total infiltrate. Right panel: tumor-associated macrophages (F4/80^high) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (F4/80^low) as percentage of the myeloid compartment. (B) RG7356-opsonized MDA-MB-231 and HCC-1937 cells were pre-incubated with macrophages and phagocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry after 30 min as described in Material and Methods. Results represent the outcome of 3 independent experiments. (C) MDA-MB-231 (upper panels) and HCC-1937 (lower panels) cells were pre-incubated with RG7356 (left panels) or isotype control (right panels) and cultured together with macrophages, as described in Materials and Methods. Pictures were taken every 30 min for 10 hours (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0159716#pone.0159716.s018" target="_blank">S1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0159716#pone.0159716.s019" target="_blank">S2</a> Videos). Pictures shown here correspond to the 0.5h time point and are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. Arrowheads indicate engulfed tumor cells. Macrophages are shown in yellow, tumor cells in green. (D) Time-course quantification of total tumor cells (CFMDA signal) in MDA-MB-231/macrophages co-cultures in the presence of RG7356 (open circles) or isotype control (filled circles).</p