«Я-свидетель» в нарративной организации рассказов В.М. Гаршина

Целью этой статьи является анализ рассказов Гаршина в нарратологическом аспекте. При этом, однако, следует заметить, что поскольку, с одной стороны, избранный аспект невероятно широк, а, с другой стороны, для отдельных рассказов писателя характерно повествование от первого лица, то нам представляется вполне закономерным сконцентрировать наши аналитические усилия на роли и значении «Я-свидетеля» в нарративной организации его произведений

Low-ILUC-risk rapeseed biodiesel:potential and indirect GHG emission effects in Eastern Romania

Indirect land-use change (ILUC) can have a severe impact on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of biofuels. Mitigating ILUC risk is important to avoid additional GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels. This is possible by making surplus land available through land demand reduction and using this for low-ILUC-risk biodiesel production. For a case study in Eastern Romania, we calculated the rapeseed biodiesel potential and the GHG emissions of four measures to make surplus land available in 2020. Four scenarios varying in assumptions on productivity and sustainability in the agricultural sector show the variation in the potential of these measures. We find that using surplus land to produce low-ILUC-risk rapeseed biodiesel has a potential of 3-64 PJ, 1-28% of the projected Romanian transport diesel consumption. The main contribution to this potential comes from yield improvements in crop and livestock production. Average GHG emissions of the ILUC mitigation measures are -11 to 22 g CO2-eq MJ−1 (maximum total lifecycle emissions are 34 g CO2-eq MJ−1; 60% reduction from fossil fuel reference). This means ILUC mitigation is possible without necessarily missing the GHG emission reduction target, provided that the entire agricultural sector is sustainably intensified, going beyond a focus on biofuel production alone

До відома авторів

This study shows how bioenergy potential and total greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of land-use change and agricultural intensification can be modeled in an integrated way. The modeling framework is demonstrated for first- and second-generation ethanol production in Ukraine for the timeframe 2010-2030 for two scenarios: a business as usual (BAU) scenario in which current trends in agricultural productivity are continued; and a progressive scenario, which projects a convergence of yield levels in Ukraine with Western Europe. The spatiotemporal development in land for food production is analyzed making use of the PCRaster Land Use Change (PLUC) model. The land-use projections serve as input for the analysis of the CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions related to changes in land use and agricultural management, as well as the abatement of GHG emissions by replacing fossil fuels with bioethanol production from wheat and switchgrass. This results in annual maps (1 km2 resolution) of the different GHG emissions for the modeled timeframe. In the BAU scenario, the GHG emissions increase over time, whereas in the progressive scenario, a total cumulative GHG emission reduction of 0.8 Gt CO2-eq for wheat and 3.8 Gt CO2-eq for switchgrass could be achieved in 2030. When the available land is used for the re-growth of natural vegetation, 3.5 Gt CO2-eq could be accumulated. These emission reductions could increase when appropriate measures are taken. The spatiotemporal PLUC model + GHG module allows for spatiotemporal and integrated modeling of total GHG emissions of bioenergy production and intensification of the agricultural sector

Динаміка поширення православних монастирів на Полтавщині (ХVІІ – ХІХ ст.)

This study compared the economic and environmental impacts of torrefaction on bioenergy supply chains against conventional pellets for scenarios where biomass is produced in Mozambique, and undergoes pre-processing before shipment to Rotterdam for conversion to power and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. We also compared the impacts of using different land quality (productive and marginal) for feedstock production, feedstocks (eucalyptus and switchgrass), final conversion technologies (XtY and CXtY) and markets (the Netherlands and Mozambique). At current conditions, the torrefied pellets (TOPs) are delivered in Rotterdam at higher cost (7.3-7.5 $/GJ) than pellets (5.1-5.3$/GJ). In the long term, TOPs costs could decline (4.7-5.8 $/GJ) and converge with pellets. TOPs supply chains also incur 20$/GJFT) than from pellets (12.9-18.7 $/GJFT). Co-firing scenarios (CXtY) result in lower cost fuel (but a higher environmental penalty) than 100% biomass fired scenarios (XtY). In most cases, switchgrass and the productive region of Nampula provide the lowest fuel production cost compared to eucalyptus and the marginally productive Gaza region. Both FT and ion in Mozambique are more costly than in Rotterdam. For the Netherlands, both FT and power production are competitive against average energy costs in Western Europe. The analysis shows that large-scale bioenergy production can become competitive against fossil fuels. While the benefits of TOPs are apparent in logistics and conversion, the current higher torrefaction costs contribute to higher biofuel costs. Improvements in torrefaction technology can result in significant performance improvements over the future chain

Optimization of Electric Ethylene Production: Exploring the Role of Cracker Flexibility, Batteries, and Renewable Energy Integration

The electrification of naphtha cracking for ethylene production could reduce the associated CO2 emissions but would require significantly larger electricity consumption. Within this context, the flexible operation of electric crackers opens opportunities for improved integration with the future electricity system. In this work, we developed a computationally efficient mixed-integer linear programming model to investigate flexibility in electric crackers, exploring the effect of operational parameters, such as operating envelope, ramping time, and start-up/shut-down time, on costs and emissions. We optimized three electric cracker systems: two with grid electricity consumption (with/without batteries) and one with electricity supply from dedicated renewable technologies. We find that the operating envelope of the cracker has the strongest impact on cost savings, enabling up to 5.5% reduction when using flexible electricity from the grid and 58% for systems with direct coupling to renewables. Moreover, the flexible operation of electric crackers relying on the electricity grid enhances the CO2 emission savings, achieving a 90.4% emission reduction against 54.6% of the constant operation case. Finally, we find that for direct coupling with renewables, electric crackers need to be flexible to avoid suboptimal oversizing of renewable technologies and especially unrealistic battery capacities

Між Антантою та більшовицькою Росією: основні напрями зовнішньої політики ЗУНР у 1920 – 1923 рр.

Показана реорганізація зовнішньополітичної служби Західно-Української Народної Республіки після еміграції її уряду до Відня, проаналізовано взаємини галицької дипломатії з країнами Антанти, Чехословаччиною, радянськими республіками, Україною і Росією на початку 20-х рр. ХХ ст.The article showed the reorganization of the foreign policy service of the West Ukrainian National Republic after emigration of its government to Vienna, analyzed the relationship between Galician diplomacy with the countries of the Entente, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet republics of Ukraine and Russia in the early 20-ies of XX century

Integral analysis of environmental and economic performance of combined agricultural intensification & bioenergy production in the Orinoquia region

Agricultural intensification is a key strategy to help meet increasing demand for food and bioenergy. It has the potential to reduce direct and indirect land use change (LUC) and associated environmental impacts while contributing to a favorable economic performance of the agriculture sector. We conduct an integral analysis of environmental and economic impacts of LUC from projected agricultural intensification and bioenergy production in the Orinoquia region in 2030. We compare three agricultural intensification scenarios (low, medium, high) and a reference scenario, which assumes a business-as-usual development of agricultural production. The results show that with current inefficient management or with only very little intensification between 26% and 93% of the existing natural vegetation areas will be converted to agricultural land to meet increasing food demand. This results in the loss of biodiversity by 53% and increased water consumption by 111%. In the medium and high scenarios, the intensification allows meeting increased food demand within current agricultural lands and even generating surplus land which can be used to produce bioenergy crops. This results in the reduction of biodiversity loss by 8-13% with medium and high levels of intensification compared to the situation in 2018. Also, a positive economic performance is observed, stemming primarily from intensification of cattle production and additional energy crop production. Despite increasing irrigation efficiency in more intensive production systems, the water demand for perennial crops and cattle production over the dry season increases significantly, thus sustainable management practices that target efficient water use are needed. Agricultural productivity improvements, particularly for cattle production, are crucial for reducing the pressure on natural areas from increasing demand for both food products and bioenergy. This implies targeted investments in the agricultural sector and integrated planning of land use. Our results showed that production intensification in the Orinoquia region is a mechanism that could reduce the pressure on natural land and its associated environmental and economic impacts

Performance of batteries for electric vehicles on short and longer term

In this work, the prospects of available and new battery technologies for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are examined. Five selected battery technologies are assessed on battery performance and cost in the short, medium and long term. Driving cycle simulations are carried out to assess the influence of the batteries on the energetic, environmental and economic performance of BEVs in the medium term. Well-to-wheel energy consumption and emissions of BEVs are lowest for lithium-ion batteries; 314-374 Wh km -1 and 76-90 gCO 2eq km -1 (assuming 593 gCO 2 kWh -1 for European electricity mix), compared to 450-760 Wh km -1 and 150-170 gCO 2eq km -1 for petrol and diesel cars. The total driving costs are lowest for ZEBRA batteries (0.43-0.62 $km -1). But, only if ZEBRA batteries attain a very low cost of 100$ kWh -1 and driving ranges are below 200 km, BEVs become cost competitive to diesel cars. For all batteries, it remains a challenge to simultaneously meet requirements on specific energy, specific power, efficiency, cycle life, lifetime, safety and costs in the medium or even long term. Only lithium-ion batteries could possibly attain all conditions in the medium term. Batteries that do not contain lithium have best perspectives to attain low costs. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Low-ILUC-risk ethanol from Hungarian maize

Indirect land use change (ILUC) is a serious threat to the sustainability of bioenergy because of the extra GHG emissions (and other environmental impacts) it causes when feedstock production diverts other agricultural production and causes expansion onto high carbon stock lands. However, multiple measures exist to reduce the risk of ILUC. But these measures and their potential to mitigate ILUC are not yet well understood. Therefore, we assessed the ILUC-mitigation potential under three scenarios for possible developments in agricultural production and supply chains for a case study on maize production in Hungary for ethanol. Our results show that ILUC-risk mitigation is possible in all three scenarios: agricultural land demand is reduced by 3500–16000 km2in 2020 compared to the current situation (6–29% of the agricultural area). This surplus land, is not needed anymore for food and feed production and can be used for biomass production for energy at a low risk of causing ILUC. For example, when maize is cultivated and converted to ethanol, this surplus land can provide 22-138 PJ of ethanol. This is equivalent to 10–60% of the projected 2020 transport energy use in Hungary. Yield improvements of maize, other crops and livestock contributed most (55–90%) to this low-ILUC-risk potential. To sustainably increase productivity and efficiency in the entire agricultural sector, an integrated approach to food and fuel (as well as other non-food) production is needed. Thereby, ILUC risk can be mitigated and is not an irreversible fact as often presented in previous studies

Detecting systemic change in a land use system by Bayesian data assimilation

A spatially explicit land use change model is typically based on the assumption that the relationship between land use change and its explanatory processes is stationary. This means that model structure and parameterization are usually kept constant over the model runtime, ignoring potential systemic changes in this relationship resulting from societal changes. We have developed a methodology to test for systemic changes and demonstrate it by assessing whether or not a land use change model with a constant model structure is an adequate representation of the land use system given a time series of observations of past land use. This was done by assimilating observations of real land use into a land use change model, using a Bayesian data assimilation technique, the particle filter. The particle filter was used to update the prior knowledge about the model structure, i.e. the selection and relative importance of the explanatory processes for land use change allocation, and about the parameters. For each point in time for which observations were available the optimal model structure and parameterization were determined. In a case study of sugar cane expansion in Brazil, it was found that the assumption of a constant model structure was not fully adequate, indicating systemic change in the modelling period (2003-2012). The systemic change appeared to be indirect: a factor has an effect on the demand for sugar cane, an input variable, in such a way that the transition rules and parameters have to change as well. Although an inventory was made of societal changes in the study area during the studied period, none of them could be directly related to the onset of the observed systemic change in the land use system. Our method which allows for systemic changes in the model structure resulted in an average increase in the 95% confidence interval of the projected sugar cane fractions of a factor of two compared to the assumption of a stationary system. This shows the importance of taking into account systemic changes in projections of land use change in order not to underestimate the uncertainty of future projections