ANÁLISE MACROSCÓPICA E HISTOLÓGICA DE LESÕES RETAIS RESSECADAS ENDOSCOPICAMENTE

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignancies worldwide. Colonoscopy is the exam of choice for the prevention of CRC due to its great diagnostic and mainly therapeutic capacity in the face of adenomatous lesions. Objective: To analyze the prevalence and the macroscopic and histological characteristics 2 of polypoid rectal lesions resected with endoscopic techniques and to assess whether endoscopic therapy is safe and efficient in the treatment of lesions located in the rectum. Method: Retrospective observational study with analysis of medical records of all patients undergoing resection of rectal polyps. Results: 123 patients with rectal lesions were evaluated, 59 men and 64 women and the mean age was 56 years. All were submitted to endoscopic resection, with polypectomy in 70% and wide mucosectomy in 30%. Complete colonoscopy with removal of the entire rectal lesion occurred in 91%, and in 5% the preparation was inadequate, and precarious clinical conditions were impeditive factors, and in 4% surgical treatment was indicated because it was an infiltrative lesion with central ulceration. The histological evaluation showed adenomas in 3.25%, hyperplastic in 7.32% and hamartoma in 0.81%, low-grade dysplasia was identified in 34.96%, and high-grade dysplasia in 51.22%, adenocarcinoma in 1.63% and 0.81% being one of the cases classified as erosion. Conclusion: Polyps in the rectum are common, occurring in 37% of colonoscopies. Adenomas with dysplasia were the most common. Therapeutic colonoscopy proved to be a safe and efficient method for the complete treatment of rectal lesionsRacional: O câncer colorretal (CCR) está entre as neoplasias malignas mais comuns em todo mundo. A colonoscopia é o exame de escolha para a prevenção do CCR devido sua grande capacidade diagnóstica e principalmente terapêutica frente às lesões adenomatosas. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e as características macroscópicas e histológicas de lesões polipoides retais, ressecadas com técnicas endoscópicas e avaliar se a terapêutica endoscópica é segura e eficiente no tratamento de lesões localizadas no reto. Método: Estudo retrospectivo observacional com análise de prontuário de todos pacientes submetidos a ressecção de pólipos retais. Resultados: Foram avaliados 123 portadores de lesões retais, sendo 59 homens e 64 mulheres e a faixa etária média foi 56 anos. Todos foram submetidos à ressecção endoscópica, sendo que em 70% realizou-se polipectomia e em 30% mucosectomia ampla. Colonoscopia completa com retirada de toda lesão retal ocorreu em 91%, sendo que em 5% o preparo foi inadequado, e condições clínicas precárias foram fatores impeditivos, e em 4% indicou-se tratamento cirúrgico por ser lesão infiltrativa e com ulceração central. A avaliação histológica evidenciou adenomas em 3,25%, hiperplásicos em 7,32% e hamartoma em 0,81%, displasia de baixo grau foi identificado em 34,96%, e displasia de alto grau em 51,22%, adenocarcinoma em 1,63% e 0,81% sendo um dos casos classificado como erosão. Conclusão: Pólipos no reto são comuns, ocorrendo em 37% das colonoscopias. Os adenomas com displasia foram os mais comuns. A colonoscopia terapêutica se mostrou método seguro e eficiente para o tratamento completo das lesões retai

A TERAPÊUTICA ENDOSCÓPICA É SEGURA E EFICIENTE NO TRATAMENTO DE LESÕES LOCALIZADAS NO RETO?

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is among the most common malignant neoplasms worldwide and the pre-malignant lesions that lead to its appearance are polyps in their various types. As a minimally invasive method, endoscopic resection emerges as the preferred method for focused lesions. Objective: To carry out a review verifying whether endoscopic therapy is safe and efficient in the treatment of lesions located in the rectum. Method: Narrative review collecting information published on virtual platforms (SciELO, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus). Initially, a search was carried out for descriptors related to the topic, which were identified through DeCS/MeSH, namely: “colorectal cancer, adenoma, mucosectomy, dysplasia, polyp” with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or abstract. Afterwards, only those that were most similar were chosen, and the works were read in full. Results: 41 articles were evaluated. Conclusion: With the evolution of concepts and technological improvements, there is an increasing possibility of diagnosing non-polypoid or superficial lesions (superficially elevated, flat or depressed) and laterally spreading or laterally growing lesions or tumors (LST). ) that, by definition, have a diameter greater than 10 mm. Mucosectomy may be indicated for minimally invasive treatment or prevention in cases that have not yet advanced and can be cured endoscopically.Introdução: O câncer colorretal está entre as neoplasias malignas mais comuns em todo mundo e as lesões pré-malignas que levam ao seu surgimento são os pólipos em seus variados tipos. Como forma minimamente invasiva a ressecção endoscópica desponta como método preferencial nas lesões focadas. Objetivo: Efetuar revisão verificando se a terapêutica endoscópica é segura e eficiente no tratamento de lesões localizadas no reto. Método: Revisão narrativa colhendo informações publicadas em plataformas virtuais (SciELO, Google Scholar, Pubmed e Scopus). Inicialmente foi realizada busca por descritores relacionados ao tema, os quais foram identificados por meio do DeCS/MeSH, a saber: “câncer colorretal, adenoma, mucosectomia, displasia, pólipo” e seus equivalentes em inglês “colorectal cancer, adenoma, mucosectomy, dysplasia, polyp” com busca AND ou OR, considerando o título e/ou resumo. Após, foram escolhidos somente os que tinham maior similitude, e realizada a leitura na íntegra dos trabalhos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 41 artigos. Conclusão: Com a evolução dos conceitos e com a melhora tecnológica, há possibilidade de diagnosticar cada vez maior lesões não-polipoides ou superficiais (superficialmente elevadas, planas ou deprimidas) e as lesões ou tumores de espraiamento ou crescimento lateral (LST, Laterally Spreading Tumor) que por definição apresentem diâmetro maior que 10 mm. A mucosectomia pode ser indicada para o tratamento minimanente invasivo ou prevenção nos casos ainda não avançados e que possam ser curados endoscopicamente

TREATMENT OF ANEMIA AND IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE: experience using ferric carboxymaltose

Objectives - Anemia is the most common hematological alteration in patients with Crohn's disease, and is frequently related to intestinal inflammatory activity. Its cause is multifactorial and mostly associated with absolute iron deficiency (iron deficiency anemia) and/or functional iron deficiency (inflammation anemia or anemia of chronic disease). It may also be identified through other causes, such as folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency and secondary to adverse effects from medications (salicylic derivatives and immunosuppressive drugs). In the present study, patients with active Crohn's disease and anemia were evaluated and treated with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose. We discuss the therapeutic schemes (doses), safety, results and improvement of quality of life. Methods - In the present prospective study, 10 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease, with moderate to severe activity, with anemia (Hb: 6.7 to 10 g/dL), who were attended between March 2014 and March 2015, were evaluated. Six (60%) were men and four were women, all with moderate or severe anemia (hemoglobin <10 g/dL). They were treated with a maximum of three intravenous infusions of 1000 mg of ferric carboxymaltose, of at least 15 minutes in duration. It was also sought to correlate the inflammatory Crohn's disease activity degree (measured using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, CDAI) and C-reactive protein level with the severity of anemia. The primary outcome was an increase in Hb of &#8805;2 g/dL and the secondary outcome was the normalization of anemia (Hb &#8805;12 g/dL for women and &#8805;13 g/dL for men) and the improvement in quality of life seen 12 weeks after the last application of carboxymaltose. Results - Among the 10 patients studied, parenteral iron supplementation was administered in three cases during hospitalization and the others received this on an outpatient basis. The total iron dose ranged from 1,000 to 2,000 mg, with an average of 1,650 mg. Crohn's disease activity measured using CDAI and C-reactive protein correlated with the intensity of anemia. An increase of 2 g/dL occurred in eight (80%) patients after 12 weeks and normalization of anemia was found in seven (70%) patients. Improvements in quality-of-life scores were found for all (100%) patients after 12 weeks. Carboxymaltose was well tolerated. Three patients presented adverse reactions (two with nausea and one with headache) of mild intensity. Conclusions - Anemia is a frequent complication for Crohn's disease patients. Intravenous iron therapy has been recommended for Crohn's disease patients, because for these patients, oral iron absorption is very limited. This is because of the inflammatory state and "blocking" of iron entry into enterocytes through hepcidin action on ferroportin, along with the elevated rates of gastrointestinal adverse events that compromise adherence to treatment and possibly aggravate the intestinal inflammatory state. The degree of Crohn's disease activity, as measured using CDAI and C-reactive protein, correlates with the severity of anemia. Carboxymaltose is a safe drug, which can be administrated in high doses (up to 1,000 mg per application per week) and corrects anemia and iron stocks over a short period of time, with consequent improvement in quality of life