Local head loss for uncoaxial drippers inserted in polyethylene pipes

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de experimento conduzido para avaliar as perdas de carga localizadas em gotejados não coaxiais integrados a tubos de polietileno. As perdas de carga para diferentes vazões foram determinadas em quatro modelos de tubos-gotejadores, com dez repetições. Para cada vazão, a perda de carga localizada foi calculada pela diferença entre a perda de carga no tubo com emissor e a perda de carga contínua no tubo uniforme estimada pela equação de Darcy-Weisbach com o fator de atrito (f) previamente determinado. Aproximações matemáticas foram sugeridas para calcular hfe com base no coeficiente de carga cinética (K) e em um valor constante de comprimento equivalente (Le). Para os modelos de tubos-gotejadores estudados, a perda de carga localizada, expressa como percentagem da perda de carga total, aumentou com o aumento da razão de obstrução, variando de 24,5% a 50,8% para Ag/At = 0,221 e 0,429, respectivamente. A maior diferença percentual encontrada entre a perda de carga total calculada pelo método iterativo passo a passo e pelo uso de Le constante, calculado com a vazão de entrada na lateral, foi 5,5% para o gotejador não autocompensante. Para os gotejadores autocompensantes, as diferenças foram inferiores a 1,7%.In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation on local head losses from uncoaxial in-line emitters inserted into the pipe line are reported. Local losses corresponding to four different pipe-emitter combinations, with ten replications, were measured for a range of discharge values. For each discharge, the amount of local losses was calculated as the difference between the total measured head losses and the corresponding friction losses evaluated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Mathematical approaches were tested to calculate hfe based on the kinetic head coefficient (K) and constant equivalent length (Le). For the drip-line models examined, the amount of local losses, expressed as a percentage of the total losses, was found to grow with an increase in the obstruction degree. The percentage increased to 24.5% and 50.8%, respectively, for Ag/At = 0.221 and 0.429. The results of this experimental investigation indicated the practical validity of using a constant equivalent length (Le) to estimate the local head losses in a drip lateral line. The percentage variation between total head loss calculated by a step-by-step procedure and the Le approximation method was 5.5% for non-compensating pressure emitters and less than 1.7% for the pressure compensating emitters.Ministério da Ciência e TecnologiaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Engenharia da Irrigação (INCT-EI

Análise econômica do orégano irrigado considerando fatores de risco econômico

The oregano is a plant, rich in essential oil and very used as spice in the preparation of foods. The objective of this paper was to analyze the viability of irrigation for oregano in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo state, Brazil, including economic risk factors, their effect on irrigation total cost, as well as the different pumping kinds. The Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to study the economic factors: fixed cost, labor, maintenance, pumping and water. The use of irrigation for the oregano in the region of Presidente Prudente is indicated because of its economic feasibility and the reduced risks. The average values of the benefit/cost for all water depths tested were higher than 1, indicating viability. The use of irrigation promoted lower risks compared to the non irrigated crop. The micro irrigation system presented greater sensitivity to changes of prices of the equipment associated to the variation of the useful life of the system. The oregano selling price was the most important factor involved in annual net profit. The water cost was the factor of lesser influence on the total cost. Due to the characteristic of high drip irrigation frequency there was no difference between the tariffs based in use hour of electric energy classified as green and blue, which are characterized by applying different rates on the energy consumption and demand according to the hours of day and times of the year. For the studied region it was recommended drip irrigation water management of oregano with the daily application of 100% of pan evaporation Class A using electric motor with tariffs blue or green

Methodology to evaluate dripper sensitivity to clogging due to solid particles: an assessment

Emitter clogging is a major problem in microirrigation systems, which may result from the isolated or combined efects of physical, chemical, and biological agents. Clogging caused by suspended solid particles is the most common plugging form of emitters. Water quality and emitter geometry are key aspects in clogging processes. Any suitable test procedure to assess the sensitivity of drippers to clogging should take into account the predominant factors that infuence clogging and must reproduce the feld conditions. Tis research set out to assess the performance and suitability of a laboratory clogging test procedure in order to validate a methodology and to provide scientifc results that may support the standardization of a clogging test method. Te evaluated methodology has been used by the IRSTEA laboratory since 1974 (Platform of Research and experiment on Science and Technology for Irrigation - PReSTI, formerly LERMI) and its contents are currently being discussed by the ISO TC23/SC18 committee. Te aim is to defne a standardized testing protocol to evaluate the sensitivity of emitters to clogging due to solid particles. Replications analyzing the clogging resistance of four models of emitting pipes were carried out in a laboratory.Te clogging test procedure enabled an accurate assessment of the combinations of concentration and size of particles that caused clogging in each model of dripper. However, a signifcant variability in degree of clogging was identifed when the results of replications for each model of dripper were compared. Several requirements, concerns, and improvements related to the clogging test protocol were discussed.2018FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2015/19630-