Ionic conductivity and structural characterization of Na1.5Nb0.3Zr1.5(PO4)(3) with NASICON-type structure

The NASICON-type Na1.5Nb0.3Zr1.5(PO4)(3) was prepared by solid state reaction of Nb2O5 and the precursor gamma-NaHZr(PO4)(2) at 700 degrees C. The EPR spectra showed a signal with a g factor of 1.984 assigned to Nb (IV) species in octahedral oxygen environments. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern obtained with monochromatic radiation was indexed on the basis of a rhombohedral cell, the hexagonal parameters being a(H) = 8.8061(2) and c(H) = 22.7638(7) Angstrom. The Na+ ion conduction was measured by the complex impedance method (frequency range: 0.1-10(5) Hz; temperature range: 20-500 degrees C) on four pellets previously sintered at 450, 750, 900 and 1000 degrees C. The conductivity data are discussed in relation to the sintering temperature. An activation energy of 0.60 eV for the movement of Na+ ions in the NASICON framework has been found.1004167112713

Impact of exposure to cold on layer production

Infrared thermographic images were used to evaluate the effect of the exposure of layers to cold. In this trial, 540 Isa Brown® layers with an average age of 69 weeks were housed in a conventional layer house typically used in Brazil during a period of cold environmental temperatures. Environmental and heat-transference data were recorded between July 13-16, 2010. It was verified that layers under cold stress conditions lost four times more energy that the recommendations trying to maintain their body temperature. Due to their reduced feed intake capacity, hens are not capable of increasing the availability of the metabolic energy required to maintain their body temperature and egg production, consequently resulting in economic losses

WELFARE OF BROILERS INGESTING A PRE-SLAUGHTER HYDRIC DIET OF LEMON GRASS

ABSTRACTThe pre-slaughter period is considered critical in broiler production. Several factors contribute to increase the birds' stress, such as handling, harvesting, and transportation, negatively affecting their welfare. This study aimed at evaluating the addition of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratusStapf) to the drinking water of broilers during the pre-slaughter period on their behavior, blood cortisol, and surface temperature. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil. In total, 2594 broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design, in a 3x2x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of three different lemon grass levels (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) used in the form of an infusion (0, 0.1, and 5 g per L of water), sex (male or female), and genetic strain (Ross(r) 308 or Cobb(r) 500). The infusion was offered when birds were 42 days old. On that day, blood was collected for blood cortisol level determination, broiler surface temperature was recorded, and an ethogram was applied to register broiler behavior. Blood cortisol level and broiler surface temperature were not affected by treatments (p>0.05). The behavior of beak opening was different between the genetic strains (p<0.05), being more frequent in Ross(r) 308 broilers. Lemon grass water content did not affect broilers' surface temperature when consumed during the pre-slaughter period

Welfare of Broilers Ingesting a Pre-Slaughter Hydric Diet of Lemon Grass Santana MR I Nääs IA II Caldara FR II

ABSTRACT The pre-slaughter period is considered critical in broiler production. Several factors contribute to increase the birds&apos; stress, such as handling, harvesting, and transportation, negatively affecting their welfare. This study aimed at evaluating the addition of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) to the drinking water of broilers during the pre-slaughter period on their behavior, blood cortisol, and surface temperature. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil. In total, 2594 broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design, in a 3x2x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of three different lemon grass levels (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) used in the form of an infusion (0, 0.1, and 5 g per L of water), sex (male or female), and genetic strain (Ross® 308 or Cobb® 500). The infusion was offered when birds were 42 days old. On that day, blood was collected for blood cortisol level determination, broiler surface temperature was recorded, and an ethogram was applied to register broiler behavior. Blood cortisol level and broiler surface temperature were not affected by treatments (p&gt;0.05). The behavior of beak opening was different between the genetic strains (p&lt;0.05), being more frequent in Ross® 308 broilers. Lemon grass water content did not affect broilers&apos; surface temperature when consumed during the pre-slaughter period