On the Conceptualization of Force in Johannes Kepler\u2019s Corpus: An Interplay Between Physics/Mathematics and Metaphysics

In this chapter, we present the concept of force in Kepler. We follow the development of this concept during Kepler\u2019s scientific career, starting from his early considerations in the Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596) until his ripest conceptions expounded in the Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (1618\u20131621). Kepler tried to supply a dynamical explanation to the planetary movements. This is an important novelty because astronomy was traditionally a kinematical science. Based on the main accredited literature we present a historical account and theoretical/ nature of science (NoS) developments: (1) Keplerian forces; (2) physical astronomy; and (3) orbits, force, and the relation between distances and forces. Koyr\ue9 had a prominent role in the studies on astronomical revolution and on Kepler. He was also important in fully clarifying the pivotal function that physical astronomy\u2014and hence the concept of force\u2014had in Kepler\u2019s system of the world. Indeed, Koyr\ue9 is still nowadays an almost unavoidable reference point for Kepler\u2019s Forschung. We refer to several interpretations of his. This is the reason why we think appropriate to present this work in homage to Alexandre Koyr\ue9

Plant culture: thirteen seasonal pieces. May - two pictures of springtime

International audienceMedical geology or earth and health has a long history in Europe. Also the newer development of medical geology has a firm base in Europe. Health problems associated with geologic material and geologic processes occur quite frequently in Europe. The problems associated with the geologic environment in Europe are generally chronic, caused by long-term, low-level exposures. Examples are exposure to trace elements such as fluorine, arsenic, radon, mineral dust and naturally occurring organic compounds in drinking water. The chapter provides the history of medical geology in Europe, many examples of these environmental health problems and a look into the future