Production and rheological characterization of biopolymer of Sphingomonas capsulata ATCC 14666 using conventional and industrial media

This work was aimed at the production and rheological characterization of biopolymer by Sphingomonas capsulata ATCC 14666, using conventional and industrial media. The productivity reached the maximum of 0.038 g/L center dot h, at 208 rpm and 4% (w/ v) of sucrose. For this condition, different concentrations of industrial medium were tested (2.66, 4, 6, and 8%). The best productivity was obtained using pretreated molasses 8% ( w/ v) (0.296 g/L center dot h), residue of textured soybean protein 6% (wt/v) (0.244g/L center dot h) and crude molasses 8% ( w/ v) (0.192g/L center dot h), respectively. Apparent viscosity presented similar results when compared with those in the literature for other biopolymers.1324169994295

Production and characterization of xantham gum by Xanthomonas campestris using cheese whey as sole carbon source

The cheese whey is an abundant residue obtained during the cheese processing and its disposal in the environment causes several drawbacks. The bioconversion of this by-product in added-value products is an important alternative to overcome this environmental problem. In this work, the feasibility of using cheese whey as carbon source for xanthan gum production was investigated using two strains of Xanthomonas campestris. The cheese whey:sucrose ratio and the supplementation of the medium were investigated by a Central Composite Design (CCD) in order to improve the xanthan gum production. Maximum xanthan gum productions were observed after 72 h using cheese whey as sole carbon source, 0.1% (w/v) MgSO4 x 7H(2)O and 2.0% (w/v) of K2HPO4, yielding approximately 25 g L-1. This value is quite higher than some results presented in the literature using glucose as substrate. Although the production was similar for the two strains, chemical composition and ionic strength presented several differences in chemical characteristics between the polysaccharides produced. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.90111912

Xanthan gum produced by Xanthomonas campestris from cheese whey: production optimisation and rheological characterisation

BACKGROUND: This aim of this study was the production and rheological characterisation of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae IBSBF 1230 using industrial media and experimental design techniques in a bench bioreactor. RESULTS: The optimised conditions for the production of xanthan starting with 900 mL of cheese whey were 1 g L(-1) magnesium sulphate, 20 g L(-1) potassium phosphate, 28 degrees C temperature and initial pH 7.2 at 390 rpm agitation and 1.5 vvm aeration, resulting in 36 g L(-1) gum in 72 h. The highest viscosity obtained in the production optimisation study was 1831.34 mPa s at 25 degrees C with 30 g L(-1) gum. The use of CaCl(2) resulted in the highest solution viscosity under conditions of 25 degrees C, 1 g L(-1) salt and 46.8 g L(-1) gum, with a value of 1704.53 mPa s. CONCLUSION: In this study, cheese whey, a by-product of the dairy industry, was used as substrate in the production of xanthan gum, a valuable product in food applications, with optimised high gum production in a bioreactor and a wide range of viscosity values. (C) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry89142440244

Comparison between Variable and Conventional Volume-Controlled Ventilation on Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Experimental Emphysema

Emphysema is characterized by loss of lung tissue elasticity and destruction of structures supporting alveoli and capillaries. The impact of mechanical ventilation strategies on ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in emphysema is poorly defined. New ventilator strategies should be developed to minimize VILI in emphysema. The present study was divided into two protocols: (1) characterization of an elastase-induced emphysema model in rats and identification of the time point of greatest cardiorespiratory impairment, defined as a high specific lung elastance associated with large right ventricular end-diastolic area; and (2) comparison between variable (VV) and conventional volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) on lung mechanics and morphometry, biological markers, and cardiac function at that time point. In the first protocol, Wistar rats (n = 62) received saline (SAL) or porcine pancreatic elastase (ELA) intratracheally once weekly for 4 weeks, respectively. Evaluations were performed 1, 3, 5, or 8 weeks after the last intratracheal instillation of saline or elastase. After identifying the time point of greatest cardiorespiratory impairment, an additional 32 Wistar rats were randomized into the SAL and ELA groups and then ventilated with VV or VCV (n = 8/group) [tidal volume (VT) = 6 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 3 cmH2O, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 0.4] for 2 h. VV was applied on a breath-to-breath basis as a sequence of randomly generated VT values (mean VT = 6 mL/kg), with a 30% coefficient of variation. Non-ventilated (NV) SAL and ELA animals were used for molecular biology analysis. The time point of greatest cardiorespiratory impairment, was observed 5 weeks after the last elastase instillation. At this time point, interleukin (IL)-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, amphiregulin, angiopoietin (Ang)-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA levels were higher in ELA compared to SAL. In ELA animals, VV reduced respiratory system elastance, alveolar collapse, and hyperinflation compared to VCV, without significant differences in gas exchange, but increased right ventricular diastolic area. Interleukin-6 mRNA expression was higher in VCV and VV than NV, while surfactant protein-D was increased in VV compared to NV. In conclusion, VV improved lung function and morphology and reduced VILI, but impaired right cardiac function in this model of elastase induced-emphysema

Contribuições do campo crítico do lazer para a promoção da saúde Contributions from the critical leisure field to the health promotion

Nos estudos do lazer para a promoção da saúde, ainda predomina a lógica da ocupação ativa do corpo no tempo de não-trabalho (lazer ativo), revelando a influência do pensamento funcionalista, o qual, ao reduzir os vínculos entre sociedade e processo saúde-doença, indiscutivelmente não condiz com o propósito de promover a saúde da população. Em face deste quadro, e partindo da premissa de que na educação física brasileira, desde o início dos anos oitenta, proliferam diferentes concepções que discutem a superação do discurso do lazer funcionalista, mas que tais formulações ainda são praticamente desconhecidas da Saúde Coletiva e Saúde Pública brasileiras, a partir de revisão bibliográfica sobre o desenvolvimento do campo do lazer no país, buscando reflexões conjunta aos pressupostos da promoção da saúde, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar concepções críticas e alternativas do lazer em sua relação com a saúde, fundamentando-se numa proposta político-pedagógica denominada lazerania. Em linhas gerais, esta é uma concepção de lazer emancipatório que, partindo da problematização do fenômeno esportivo, proporciona o sentir, pensar e agir da população, visando à construção de uma sociedade fundada na solidariedade e com a participação de todos.<br>The studies about leisure for health promotion still tend to choose the active body occupation in the free-time (leisure activities), revealing the influence of the functionalist way of thinking, which trying to reduce the links between society and health-disease process, undoubtedly do not keep with the purpose of population health promotion. Focusing on this idea, and keeping in mind the premise that in the Brazilian physical training there are different opinions since the earliest 80s which try to achieve the purpose to avoid the ideas of the functionalist way of thinking. However, those opinions are almost unknown both in the Brazilian public health system and the collective health system, once the bibliography revision about leisure activities development was made in the country, looking for ideas taken in common knowledge for health promotion presuppositions, this report has the aim to show critical and alternatives concepts of leisure in the way it is linked to healthy as a real social change, using a political-pedagogical proposal called lazerania. In general, this is an emancipatory concept of leisure, which comes from the sport phenomenon as a problem and provides the feeling, thinking and behavior of the population, trying to build a society based on solidarity and consumer participation

Bioactive Compounds of Camu-Camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh)

Camu-camu is a shrub, native to the Amazon that thrives in areas where flooding is frequent. Genetically, the plant is characterized by a diploid genome and moderate genetic diversity. Several parts of the plant are used in traditional folk medicine to treat a variety of acute and chronic diseases. For over 50 years, the exceptionally high vitamin C content of camu-camu has attracted worldwide attention that continues today because of the recent discovery of several health-promoting phytochemicals with corroborated biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-obesity, antidiabetic). All of these beneficial attributes are well supported by in vitro and in vivo studies as well as human clinical trials. The metabolic precursors of these phytochemicals are synthesized in key metabolic pathways (i.e., the shikimate pathway, the mevalonate pathway). Of these metabolic pathways, we show details for the biosynthesis of betulinic acid, trans-resveratrol, and syringic acid. In conclusion, camu-camu is an exceptional plant for its ability to produce and accumulate significant amounts of a variety of health-promoting phytochemicals. Although several metabolic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of these phytochemicals have been reconstructed based on fruit and seedling transcriptomes, detailed knowledge of the vast majority of metabolic pathways and their molecular regulatory mechanisms is lacking. Consequently, we must increase our knowledge of the metabolic processes using multi-omic approaches so that we can acquire the skills necessary to develop genetically improved varieties of camu-camu and implement biotechnological applications for the production of these bioactive phytochemicals