Spectroscopic characterization of X-ray emitting young stars associated with the Sh 2-296 nebula

We studied a sample of stars associated with the Sh 2-296 nebula, part of the reflection nebulae complex in the region of Canis Major (CMa R1). Our sample corresponds to optical counterparts of X-ray sources detected from observations with the XMM-Newton satellite, which revealed dozens of possible low-mass young stars not yet known in this region. A sample of 58 young star candidates were selected based on optical spectral features, mainly H{\alpha} and lithium lines, observed with multi-objects spectroscopy performed by the Gemini South telescope. Among the candidates, we find 41 confirmed T Tauri and 15 very likely young stars. Based on the H{\alpha} emission, the T Tauri stars were distinguished between classical (17%) and weak-lined (83%), but no significant difference was found in the age and mass distribution of these two classes. The characterization of the sample was complemented by near- and mid-infrared data, providing an estimate of ages and masses from the comparison with pre-main-sequence evolutionary models. While half of the young stars have an age of 1-2 Myrs or less, only a small fraction (~25%) shows evidence of IR excess revealing the presence of circumstellar discs. This low fraction is quite rare compared to most young star-forming regions, suggesting that some external factor has accelerated the disc dissipation

Star formation history of Canis Major OB1 - II. A bimodal X-ray population revealed by XMM-Newton

The Canis Major OB1 Association has an intriguing scenario of star formation, especially in the Canis Major R1 (CMa R1) region traditionally assigned to a reflection nebula, but in reality an ionized region. This work is focused on the young stellar population associated to CMa R1, for which our previous results from ROSAT, optical and near-infrared data had revealed two stellar groups with different ages, suggesting a possible mixing of populations originated from distinct star-formation episodes. The X-ray data allow the detected sources to be characterized according to hardness ratios, light curves and spectra. Estimates of mass and age were obtained from the 2MASS catalogue, and used to define a complete subsample of stellar counterparts, for statistical purposes. A catalogue of 387 XMM-Newton sources is provided, 78% being confirmed as members or probable members of the CMa R1 association. Flares were observed for 13 sources, and the spectra of 21 bright sources could be fitted by a thermal plasma model. Mean values of fits parameters were used to estimate X-ray luminosities. We found a minimum value of log(L$_X$[erg/s]) = 29.43, indicating that our sample of low-mass stars (M$_\star$ $\leq$ 0.5 M$_\odot$), being faint X-ray emitters, is incomplete. Among the 250 objects selected as our complete subsample (defining our best sample), 171 are found to the East of the cloud, near Z CMa and dense molecular gas, 50% of them being young ( 10 Myr). The opposite happens to the West, near GU CMa, in areas lacking molecular gas: among 79 objects, 30% are young and 50% are older. These findings confirm that a first episode of distributed star formation occurred in the whole studied region ~10 Myr ago and dispersed the molecular gas, while a second, localized episode (< 5 Myr) took place in the regions where molecular gas is still present.Comment: 38 pages, 21 figures, accepted for A&

Elastic properties of carbon nanotubes and their heterojunctions

Comprehensive studies on the modelling and numerical simulation of the mechanical behaviour under tension, bending and torsion of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their heterojunctions are performed. It is proposed to deduce the mechanical properties of the carbon nanotubes heterojunctions from the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the single-walled carbon nanotubes, which are their constituent key unit

Recording from two neurons: second order stimulus reconstruction from spike trains and population coding

We study the reconstruction of visual stimuli from spike trains, recording simultaneously from the two H1 neurons located in the lobula plate of the fly Chrysomya megacephala. The fly views two types of stimuli, corresponding to rotational and translational displacements. If the reconstructed stimulus is to be represented by a Volterra series and correlations between spikes are to be taken into account, first order expansions are insufficient and we have to go to second order, at least. In this case higher order correlation functions have to be manipulated, whose size may become prohibitively large. We therefore develop a Gaussian-like representation for fourth order correlation functions, which works exceedingly well in the case of the fly. The reconstructions using this Gaussian-like representation are very similar to the reconstructions using the experimental correlation functions. The overall contribution to rotational stimulus reconstruction of the second order kernels - measured by a chi-squared averaged over the whole experiment - is only about 8% of the first order contribution. Yet if we introduce an instant-dependent chi-square to measure the contribution of second order kernels at special events, we observe an up to 100% improvement. As may be expected, for translational stimuli the reconstructions are rather poor. The Gaussian-like representation could be a valuable aid in population coding with large number of neurons

Bistable buckled beam and force actuation: Experimental validations

AbstractThis paper presents recent experimental results on the switching of a simply supported buckled beam. Moreover, the present work is focussed on the experimental validation of a switching mechanism of a bistable beam presented in details in Camescasse et al. (2013). An actuating force is applied perpendicularly to the beam axis. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the force position on the beam on the switching scenario. The experimental set-up is described and special care is devoted to the procedure of experimental tests highlighting the main difficulties and how these difficulties have been overcome. Two situations are examined: (i) a beam subject to mid-span actuation and (ii) off-center actuation. The bistable beam responses to the loading are experimentally determined for the buckling force and actuating force as a function of the vertical position of the applied force (displacement control). A series of photos demonstrates the scenarios for both situations and the bifurcation between buckling modes are clearly shown, as well. The influence of the application point of the force on the bifurcation force is experimentally studied which leads to a minimum for the bifurcation actuating force. All the results extracted from experimental tests are compared to those coming from the modeling investigation presented in a previous work (Camescasse et al., 2013) which ascertains the proposed model for a bistable beam

Persistence in the zero-temperature dynamics of the QQ-states Potts model on undirected-directed Barab\'asi-Albert networks and Erd\"os-R\'enyi random graphs

The zero-temperature Glauber dynamics is used to investigate the persistence probability $P(t)$ in the Potts model with $Q=3,4,5,7,9,12,24,64, 128$, $256, 512, 1024,4096,16384$,..., $2^{30}$ states on {\it directed} and {\it undirected} Barab\'asi-Albert networks and Erd\"os-R\'enyi random graphs. In this model it is found that $P(t)$ decays exponentially to zero in short times for {\it directed} and {\it undirected} Erd\"os-R\'enyi random graphs. For {\it directed} and {\it undirected} Barab\'asi-Albert networks, in contrast it decays exponentially to a constant value for long times, i.e, $P(\infty)$ is different from zero for all $Q$ values (here studied) from $Q=3,4,5,..., 2^{30}$; this shows "blocking" for all these $Q$ values. Except that for $Q=2^{30}$ in the {\it undirected} case $P(t)$ tends exponentially to zero; this could be just a finite-size effect since in the other "blocking" cases you may have only a few unchanged spins.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures for IJM

Optical and Near Infrared Study of the Cepheus E outflow, a very low excitation object

We present images and spectra of the Cepheus E (Cep E) region at both optical and infrared wavelengths. Only the brightest region of the southern lobe of the Cep E outflow reveals optical emission, suggesting that the extinction close to the outflow source plays an important r\^ole in the observed difference between the optical and IR morphologies. Cep E is a unique object since it provides a link between the spectroscopic properties of the optical Herbig-Haro (HH) objects and those of deeply embedded outflows.Comment: Accepted Astron. J., 8 files: paper, tables plus 6 figure