Antidepressant-like effect of Hoodia gordonii in a forced swimming test in mice: evidence for involvement of the monoaminergic system

Hoodia gordonii is a plant species used traditionally in southern Africa to suppress appetite. Recently, it has been associated with a significant increase in blood pressure and pulse rate in women, suggesting sympathomimetic activity. The present study investigated the possible antidepressant-like effects of acute and repeated (15 days) administration of H. gordonii extract (25 and 50 mg/kg, po) to mice exposed to a forced swimming test (FST). Neurochemical analysis of brain monoamines was also carried out to determine the involvement of the monoaminergic system on these effects. Acute administration of H. gordonii decreased the immobility of mice in the FST without accompanying changes in general activity in the open-field test during acute treatment, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. The anti-immobility effect of H. gordonii was prevented by pretreatment of mice with PCPA [an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis], NAN-190 (a 5-HT1A antagonist), ritanserin (a 5-HT2A/2C antagonist), ondansetron (a 5-HT3A antagonist), prazosin (an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), SCH23390 (a D1 receptor antagonist), yohimbine (an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), and sulpiride (a D2 receptor antagonist). A significant increase in 5-HT levels in the striatum was detected after acute administration, while 5-HT, norepinephrine and dopamine were significantly elevated after chronic treatment. Results indicated that H. gordonii possesses antidepressant-like activity in the FST by altering the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems

Um sistema de controle da produção para a manufatura celular parte I: sistema de apoio à decisão para a elaboração do programa mestre de produção A production control system to the cellular manufacturing part I: decision support system for elaborating the master production scheduling

Este artigo e mais o artigo Parte II (Emissão de Ordens e Programação de Operações) fazem parte de um trabalho que visa integrar todas as atividades de programação da produção dentro do contexto de um Sistema de Controle da Produção, concebido para operar na manufatura celular semi-repetitiva. Para deixarmos claro o que entendemos por manufatura celular semi-repetitiva fazemos uma classificação dos sistemas de produção e uma taxonomia da manufatura celular. O sistema proposto foi concebido e implementado computacionalmente em 3 módulos (nível de produto final, de componentes e de operações). O primeiro é tratado neste artigo (Parte I), enquanto que outros dois módulos são tratados no outro artigo (Parte II).<br>This paper and that of Part II (ordering system and operations scheduling) aims to integrate all production scheduling activities in a semi-repetitive cellular manufacturing environment. With the aim of clarifying what we mean by semi-repetitive cellular manufacturing, we have made a production systems classification and a cellular manufacturing taxonomy. The proposed system was conceptualized and computationally implemented in three modules (product, component and operation levels). The first level is treated in this paper and the other two are treated in the Part II

Concentrate and crude protein levels in diets for dairy Gyr lineage cows grazing elephant-grass during the rainy season Níveis de concentrado e proteína bruta em dietas para vacas da raça Gir linhagem leiteira sob pastejo de capim-elefante durante a época das águas

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of three levels of concentrate (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 kg/cow/day) and two levels of crude protein (CP) (14 and 16% total dietary dry matter), in comparison to mineral mixture (control) on the intake, apparent digestibility, milk composition and yield and on feed efficiency and use of concentrates of cows grazing elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) in the rainy season. Twenty-one milking Gyr cows with average body weight of 426 kg and yield of 13.0 kg of milk/cow/day at 55 days of lactation were distributed in randomized blocks design, with seven diets (treatments) in a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement and three replications, in a period of 84 days. Forage dry matter intake was not influenced by the diets, but total dietary dry matter intake increased by 45% with the inclusion of concentrate in the diet. However, milk yield increased by only 17% (1.76 kg more milk per day) with the use of concentrate. For dairy Gyr cows grazing elephant-grass during the rainy season, 2 kg of concentrate/cow/day and 14% of CP in the total diet provided the best productive response without harming body weight.<br>Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de três níveis de concentrado (2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 kg/vaca/dia) e dois de proteína bruta (PB) (14 e 16% da matéria seca total da dieta) em comparação à mistura mineral (controle) no consumo, na digestibilidade aparente, na produção e composição do leite e na eficiência alimentar e de utilização de concentrados de vacas sob pastejo de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) na época das águas. Vinte e uma vacas Gir linhagem leiteira com média de 426 kg de peso vivo e produção de 13,0 kg de leite/vaca/dia, aos 55 dias de lactação, foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com sete dietas (tratamentos), em arranjo fatorial 3 × 2 + 1 e três repetições, num período de 84 dias. O consumo de matéria seca de forragem não foi influenciado pelas dietas, mas o consumo de matéria seca total aumentou 45% com a inclusão de concentrado na dieta. Entretanto, a produção de leite aumentou apenas 17% (1,76 kg a mais de leite por dia) com o uso de concentrado. Para vacas Gir linhagem leiteira em pastagens de capim-elefante na época das águas, 2 kg de concentrado/vaca/dia e 14% de PB na dieta total proporcionam melhor resposta produtiva sem prejudicar o peso corporal