GAMBARAN RESTRUKTURISASI ORGANISASI (Studi Pada PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. Witel Malang Tentang Bentuk, Jenis, Faktor Pendorong, Faktor Penghambat Restrukturisasi Dan Desain Struktur Organisasi)

Every organizations and companies had any strategies. One of the company\u27s strategies to be a leader is restructuring. Restructuring is right way if there was no any alternative strategies. Any companies must be adaptation quickly to keep their quality. Structural changing had any aspects, they are form, kind, and specially Increase factor and decreasing factor. Any companies does restructuring, one of them is PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. Witel Malang, which these restructuring has did to increase their performance. Objective of these study is to describe form, kind, new structure design, increasing factor and decreasing factor which happened at PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. Witel Malang Form of restructuring which happened are reorganization and competency measurement, those forms did to reorder a organization structural and increase their staff competency to get any promotion. Kind of restructuring is management or organizational restructuring. Any management restructuring happened because there was rises number of division. Increase factor which happened is there was tight competition with the other companies and increase their staff\u27s motivation to be promoted to occupy vacant position. Decreasing Factor which happened is wont of old structure to get any sign of wisdom

Two highly divergent alcohol dehydrogenases of melon exhibit fruit ripening-specific expression and distinct biochemical characteristics

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) participate in the biosynthetic pathway of aroma volatiles in fruit by interconverting aldehydes to alcohols and providing substrates for the formation of esters. Two highly divergent ADH genes (15% identity at the amino acid level) of Cantaloupe Charentais melon (Cucumis melo var. Cantalupensis) have been isolated. Cm-ADH1 belongs to the medium-chain zinc-binding type of ADHs and is highly similar to all ADH genes expressed in fruit isolated so far. Cm-ADH2 belongs to the short-chain type of ADHs. The two encoded proteins are enzymatically active upon expression in yeast. Cm-ADH1 has strong preference for NAPDH as a co-factor, whereas Cm-ADH2 preferentially uses NADH. Both Cm-ADH proteins are much more active as reductases with Kms 10–20 times lower for the conversion of aldehydes to alcohols than for the dehydrogenation of alcohols to aldehydes. They both show strong preference for aliphatic aldehydes but Cm-ADH1 is capable of reducing branched aldehydes such as 3-methylbutyraldehyde, whereas Cm-ADH2 cannot. Both Cm-ADH genes are expressed specifically in fruit and up-regulated during ripening. Gene expression as well as total ADH activity are strongly inhibited in antisense ACC oxidase melons and in melon fruit treated with the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), indicating a positive regulation by ethylene. These data suggest that each of the Cm-ADH protein plays a specific role in the regulation of aroma biosynthesis in melon fruit