Hepes na produção de embriões bovinos in vitro Hepes on in vitro production of bovine embryos

O objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar a amplitude da variação de pH em meios de maturação e de cultivo embrionário, com diferentes concentrações do tampão HEPES. Inicialmente, foi determinado o efeito de diferentes concentrações de HEPES (0, 12,5 e 25,0mM) na variação do pH dos meios de maturação (TCM-199 modificado) e desenvolvimento embrionário (KSOM modificado) em meio ambiente, à temperatura de 25ºC, e na estufa, em uma atmosfera de 5% de CO2 em ar a 39ºC. Em um segundo experimento, os oócitos foram maturados em TCM-199 modificado sem HEPES (142 oócitos) ou com 25,0mM de HEPES (137 oócitos) e foi avaliado índice de blastocisto. O meio Fert-TALP foi utilizado para a fecundação, sendo que os embriões foram co-cultivados com células epiteliais de oviduto (CEO) em KSOM modificado com 10% de SFB. Um terceiro experimento foi delineado para determinar a importância da presença do HEPES no meio de cultivo embrionário sobre o desenvolvimento de embriões bovinos in vitro. Para isso, após a retirada do cumulus, os zigotos foram divididos ao acaso e co-cultivados com CEO em KSOM modificado (com 10% de SFB) sem HEPES (grupo controle; n = 95) ou com 25,0mM de HEPES (grupo HEPES; n = 92). Foram mantidos em cultivo somente os embriões com duas ou mais células, sendo considerados desenvolvidos os que atingiram o estádio de blastocisto expandido (Bx), 7 e 9 dias após inseminação. O cultivo dos oócitos e embriões, em ambos os experimentos, foi efetuado em estufa a 39ºC, com uma atmosfera contendo 5% de CO2 e umidade saturada. Os resultados mostram que os meios contendo 25,0mM de HEPES foram mais eficientes em minimizar a variação do pH que os meios com 12,5mM ou sem HEPES. Além disso, a adição de HEPES ao meio de maturação aumentou os índices de Bl sobre o total de oócitos e sobre o total de clivados (21,9% e 42,86%) com relação ao controle (10,56 e 16,67%; p<0,05). Na determinação da importância do HEPES no desenvolvimento embrionário, o grupo HEPES apresentou índices superiores de Bx (45,65%) em relação ao controle (11,58%; p<0,01). A uniformidade dos resultados foi um dos aspectos positivos observados quando o HEPES estava presente no meio de cultivo embrionário. Portanto, o uso do HEPES, durante a maturação e o cultivo embrionário, é recomendável para o aumento da produção de embriões in vitro com maior repetibilidade.<br>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the range of pH changes in maturation and embryo development media, buffered with different HEPES concentrations. Initially, the effect of different concentrations of HEPES (0, 12.5 and 25.0mM) on the variation of pH in the maturation (modified TCM-199) and embryonic development (modified KSOM) media was evaluated at room temperature (25ºC) and in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 39ºC. In another experiment, the effect of HEPES on in vitro oocyte maturation was determined. Oocytes were maturated in TCM-199 modified either with 25.0mM of HEPES (HEPES group; n = 137) or without HEPES (control group; n = 142), performing 7 replicates and evaluating the rate of blastocyst. In this study, the medium used for fertilization was Fert-TALP while for embryo development was KSOM with 10% of fetal bovine serum with monolayer of oviduct epithelial cells. A third experiment was designed to determine the effect of HEPES on embryo development. The zygotes were divided in two groups and co-incubated with oviduct epithelial cells in modified KSOM with 10% of fetal bovine serum without HEPES (n = 95) or with 25.0mM of HEPES (n = 92). For this experiment, it was used embryos with two or more cells and the embryo development was considered from cleavage to expanded blastocyst (Bx), 7 and 9 days after insemination. The oocytes and embryos were incubated at temperature of 39ºC, an atmosphere containing 5% CO2 in air and saturated humidity. The media with 25.0mM of HEPES were more efficient in minimizing the range of pH than those with 12.5mM or without HEPES. To determine the effect of HEPES during in vitro oocyte maturation, the percentage of Bl considered either the total number of oocytes or the total number of cleavages was higher in the HEPES group (21.9% or 42.9%, respectively) than those obtained in the control group (10.56% or 16.67%, respectively). When HEPES was added to embryo culture medium, the percentage of Bx (45.65%) was higher than that obtained in medium without HEPES (11.58%; p<0.01). The variability between replicates was lower when HEPES was present in embryo development medium, comparing to the medium without HEPES. Therefore, HEPES is an important compound to be present in media for oocyte maturation and embryo development, increasing the in vitro production of bovine embryos

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data