Segregación social en las escuelas públicas y privadas en América Latina]

Esta investigación estudia la relación entre educación privada y segregación escolar por razón socioeconómica en América Latina. Para ello, realiza una explotación especial de la base de datos del TERCE estimando los índices de Disimilitud, Inclusión Socioeconómica y Raíz Cuadrada a una muestra de 119.967 estudiantes de 5.733 escuelas de quince países de América Latina. Los resultados indican que: (i) existe una fuerte relación positiva entre el peso de la educación privada y la segregación de un país, y (ii) las escuelas privadas segregan más que las escuelas públicas, especialmente a los estudiantes con familias de menor nivel socioeconómico; sin embargo, hay muchas diferencias por países. Con ello se alerta de los efectos negativos sobre la equidad educativa de las políticas de fomento de la educación privada en América Latina. This research studies the relationship between private education and school segregation by socioeconomic status in Latin America. To achieve our aim, we conducted a special data mining of the database of TERCE estimating the index of Dissimilarity, Socio-Economic Inclusion, and Square Root of a sample of 119, 967 students from 5, 733 schools in 15 in Latin American countries. The results indicate that: (i) there is a strong positive relationship between the weight of private education and segregation index of a country, and (ii) private schools are more segregated than public schools, especially students with less socioeconomic status families; however, there are many differences between countries. Our research warns about the negative effects on educational equity policies encouraging of private education in Latin America

Development of Encounter Protocols and Assessment of Significant Adverse Impact by Bottom Trawling for Sponge Grounds and Sea Pen Fields in the NAFO Regulatory Area

We provide a scientific basis for recommending commercial encounter protocols for sponges and sea pens in the NRA. For each we provide an assessment of significant adverse impact of bottom trawling taking into account published and new data on gear efficiency and selectivity, incidental mortality and recoverability. The proportion of VMS trawls in 2010 that would be impacted by lowering the current thresholds is estimated following previously established methods. Approaches to move-on rules are also considered

The Use of Density Analyses to Delineate Sponge Grounds and Other Benthic VMEs from Trawl Survey Data

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Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Dominated by Deep-Water Corals and Sponges in the NAFO Convention Area

Many species of deep-water corals and sponges are important structure forming species in deep-sea environments, however not all coral and sponges meet the criteria associated with vulnerability. Here we review the taxa living within the NAFO regulatory area (NRA) and provide literature supporting their consideration as components of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). For the sponges, we present the first map of their location in the NRA, as determined from fisheries bycatch information

Performance Evaluation of Distributed Mobility Management Protocols: Limitations and Solutions for Future Mobile Networks

Mobile Internet data traffic has experienced an exponential growth over the last few years due to the rise of demanding multimedia content and the increasing number of mobile devices. Seamless mobility support at the IP level is envisioned as a key architectural requirement in order to deal with the ever-increasing demand for data and to efficiently utilize a plethora of different wireless access networks. Current efforts from both industry and academia aim to evolve the mobility management protocols towards a more distributed operation to tackle shortcomings of fully centralized approaches. However, distributed solutions face several challenges that can result in lower performance which might affect real-time and multimedia applications. In this paper, we conduct an analytical and simulated evaluation of the main centralized and proposed Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) solutions. Our results show that, in some scenarios, when users move at high speed and/or when the mobile node is running long-lasting applications, the DMM approaches incur high signaling cost and long handover latency.This work was supported by the Government of Extremadura under Grant no. GR15099 and by the European Regional Development Fund Programme (2014–2020) and the Regional Fund, through Computing and Advanced Technologies Foundation of Extremadura (COMPUTAEX)

Two new records of sponges from NW Atlantic: Iotroata acanthostylifera (Stephens, 1916) and Janulum spinispiculum (Carter, 1876).

NEREIDA, a Spanish-led multidisciplinary and international project with contribution from various NAFO contracting parties such as Canada, the UK, and Russia, was initiated in response to the UNGA Resolution 61/105. The main objective of the NEREIDA project is to gather information for the identification and delineation of VMEs in the NAFO Regulatory Area with special focus on those dominated by deep-water corals and sponges. This demarcation is a necessary step in the decision making process for the protection of these areas. The NEREIDA data collection programme comprised six research cruises conducted between May and July of 2009 and June and August 2010, aboard the Spanish R/V Miguel Oliver. In 2009, surveys were conducted to the east, north and west of the Flemish Cap and Flemish Pass, whereas in 2010, surveys covered the area south of the Flemish Cap and along the slope of the Tail of the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. In this work we present some results from the analysis of sponges samples collected by rock dredge during the NEREIDA survey programme (2009-2010). There are two new records in the NW Atlantic region: Janulum spinispiculum (Carter, 1876) with distribution in the Northeast Atlantic region: southern Portugal, Azores, Rockall Bank; Mediterranean Sea: Alboran and Ionian Seas, Canyon de la Cassidaigne; North Atlantic: Iceland; Arctic Ocean: Barents Sea, northern Norway and Spitzbergenand (Kelly et al., 2015) and Iotroata acanthostylifera (Stephens, 1916) cited only of Celtics Seas (van Soest, 2007)

Preliminary data on cold-water corals and large sponges by-catch from Spanish/EU bottom trawl groundfish surveys in NAFO Regulatory Area (Divs. 3LMNO) and Canadian EEZ (Div. 3L): 2005-2007 period

Since 2005, by-catch of vulnerable invertebrates, such as cold-water corals and large sponges, has been studied with special attention in the Spanish/EU bottom trawl groundfish surveys in Northwest Atlantic (NAFO Divs. 3LMNO). Based on this research, twenty-nine different taxa of cold-water corals have been preliminarily identified in the study area: five alcyonaceans, ten gorgonaceans, ten pennatulaceans, three solitary scleractinians and one antipatharian. No colonial scleractinians were recorded during these surveys and reef structures are unlikely to occur in the study area. The main large sponges found belong to the family Geodiidae. The volume of cold-water corals and large sponges in the by-catches was generally low in the regularly-used fishing grounds studied. Most of the by-catches were recorded in hauls carried out in areas outside of regular fishing grounds for the bottom trawlers. By-catches of large gorgonians were recorded in three small areas located in Divs. 3LM (two in Div. 3L and one in Div. 3M), indicating that Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) could occur there. Pennatulaceans, solitary scleractinians, alcyonaceans and antipatharians were also observed as part of bycatch in some hauls carried out in Divs. 3LMO, but it is not clear if these by-catches indicate presence of VMEs in the area sampled. Highest diversity of coral species was found in Div. 3M. Large sponges occurred in deep waters, in a narrow band along Northern slope of the Grand Banks (Div. 3N) and Southern Flemish Pass (Div. 3L) as well as in several patches located in North-eastern and Eastern Flemish Cap. The preliminary information presented here, derived solely from bottom trawl survey by-catch records, it is not enough for identification of VMEs accurately, but it is very valuable to give a general view of where VMEs like to occur or not occur. Previous experience from other North Atlantic high-seas fishing grounds (e.g. NEAFC Regulatory Area) suggests that additional geohabitat mapping and information on fishery footprint will be needed for the accurate delineation of VMEs and for the subsequent adoption of suitable habitat conservation measures such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to preserve cold-water corals and large sponges in NAFO Area

Blood viscoelasticity : experimental characterization and 2D-numerical simulation of the blood flow

Circulatory system diseases are the main cause of death in Europe and United States of America. This fact has promoted increasing research related to human body biomechanics. In this context, huge increase of computational capacity has become in a valuable tool for cardiovascular disease studies. Blood viscoelastic flow through healthy carotid artery was here studied. Both experimental and computational techniques were carried out in order to simulate a realistic human situation. On the one hand, regarding the experimental study, relaxation tests were performed on blood by using a rheometer. After that, the Generalized Maxwell model was used to fit experimental data time dependence of relaxation modulus. On the other hand, several numerical simulations were carried out by using finite volume methods implemented in open source software (Foam Extend 3.1). The effect of blood viscoelastic behaviour in a common human carotid artery was tested. Results from Viscoelastic and Newtonian models for blood were compared. The main conclusion of the work is that assuming blood as a Newtonian fluid can give rise to wrong predictions, especially at the near wall region.Papers presented to the 12th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Costa de Sol, Spain on 11-13 July 2016

By-catch of cold-water corals from an Experimental Trawl Survey in three seamounts within NAFO Regulatory Area (Divs. 6EFG) during year 2004

By-catch of cold-water corals from a Trawl Experimental Survey developed during 2004 in three NAFO seamounts was examined. Three hauls were carried out over two peaks located in Divs. 6EF. In this area, catches of commercial resources were negligible and by-catch of corals was recorded (degraded pieces of dead Enallopsammia sp and Keratoisis sp and few alive corals like Solenosmilia variabilis, Metallogorgia melanotrichos, Paragorgia johnsoni, etc.), showing some interaction between fishing and vulnerable habitats and that trawl fishing in the area is unfeasible. Ninety-two hauls were carried out over one peak located in Div. 6G, with big catches of alfonsino (Beryx splendens), but only six hauls showing coral records (Enallopsamia rostrata, Solenosmilia variabilis, Madrepora oculata, Acanella eburnea and Placogorgia terceira) and in less quantities in comparison with Divs. 6EF. The low by-catch of corals in the Div. 6G peak could be related with their less rough bottom feature and with the previous alteration of sessile epifauna due to intense fishing activity developed during the last decades of XX Century. The results of the Experimental Survey indicate that the impact of trawling on seamounts could be important and that the closed area agreed in 2007 to protect the bottom habitats of the seamounts within NAFO Regulatory Area (Divs. 6EFG) should be maintained and improved