Physics of RS

Most remote sensing instruments on aircraft or space-based platforms operate in one or more of these windows by making their measurements with detectors tuned to specific frequencies (wavelengths), that pass through the atmosphere. The behavior of electromagnetic waves in free space is governed by Maxwell's equations. In homogeneous, isotropic and nonmagnetic media, Maxwell's equations can be combined to derive the wave equation, in the case of a sinusoidal field. Remote sensing instruments exploit different aspects of the solution to the wave equation, in order to learn more about the properties of the medium from which the radiation is being sensed. The electromagnetic energy can be presented in a quantized form, as bursts of radiation with a quantized radiant energy, which is proportional to the frequency. The polarization states of the incident and reradiated waves play an important role in remote sensing

Micropatterned Thermoresponsive Cell Culture Substrates for Dynamically Controlling Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal Connectivity in Vitro

In vitro cultured neuronal networks with defined connectivity are required to improve neuronal cell culture models. However, most protocols for their formation do not provide sufficient control of the direction and timing of neurite outgrowth with simultaneous access for analytical tools such as immunocytochemistry or patch-clamp recordings. Here, we present a proof-of-concept for the dynamic (i.e., time-gated) control of neurite outgrowth on a cell culture substrate based on 2D-micropatterned coatings of thermoresponsive polymers (TRP). The pattern consists of uncoated microstructures where neurons can readily adhere and neurites can extend along defined pathways. The surrounding regions are coated with TRP that does not facilitate cell or neurite growth at 33 °C. Increasing the ambient temperature to 37 °C renders the TRP coating cell adhesive and enables the crossing of gaps coated with TRP by neurites to contact neighboring cells. Here, we demonstrate the realization of this approach employing human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and human induced neuronal cells. Our results suggest that this approach may help to establish a spatiotemporal control over the connectivity of multinodal neuronal networks