Germinação de sementes de Asteraceae nativas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil Germination of seeds of Asteraceae natives of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Aquênios (sementes) recém coletados, de treze espécies nativas de Asteraceae comuns nos ambientes abertos da região sul do Brasil foram testados quanto à germinação em temperaturas alternadas ( 20/10; 25/15; 30/20; 35/25°C) e sob temperaturas constantes ( 20; 25 e 30°C) com ou sem luz. A temperatura ótima para germinação varia entre as espécies, sendo que as espécies Elephantopus mobilis; Eupatorium laevigatum; Mikania cordifolia; Senecio oxyphyllus; Trixis prastens germinam de forma semelhante em todas temperaturas testadas. Eclipta alba tem sua germinação promovida a 30°C. Tagetes minuta tem a germinação das sementes promovida a 20°C. Em Senecio heterotrichius; S. selloi; Stenachaenium campestre; Symphyopappus casarettoi e Vernonia nudiflora as sementes germinam igualmente a 20 ou 25°C.. A luz promoveu a germinação de todas espécies exceto para Stenachaenium campestre e Tagetes minuta, sendo esta última espécie fotoblástica negativa. Quanto ao tempo médio de germinação, as espécies podem ser divididas em ; rápidas- menos de 5 dias (Baccharis trimera; Eclipta alba; Elephantopus mollis; Stenachaenium campestre e Vernonia nudiflora); intermediárias: entre 5 e 10 dias ( Eupatorium laevigatum; Mikania cordifolia e Tagetes minuta) ; lentas: mais de 10 dias (Senecio heterotrichius; S.oxyphyllus; S.selloi; Symphyopappus casarettoi e Trixis praestans).Os resultados mostram que a germinação de sementes de Asteraceas variam com a temperatura e o regime de luz; podendo prover uma base inicial para interpretação de efeitos sazonais sobre a germinação e estabelecimento a campo. Em adição, comentários sobre o substrato ágar ou areia são feitos.<br>Achenes of thirteen native Asteraceae species common to the natural grassland or weeds of the southern region of Brazil were tested for germination over a range of alternating temperatures ( 20/10; 25/15; 30/20 and 35/25°C), and under constant temperatures ( 20; 25 and 30°C) with light or not .Only fresh collected achenes (herein = seeds) were used. The optimum temperature for germination differed among the species, with Elephantopus mobillis; Eupatorium laevigatum; Mikania cordifolia; Senecio oxyphyllus; Trixis praestans germinating the most over all temperatures tested. Eclipta alba seeds germination was promoted at 30°C. Colder treatments promoted germination in Tagetes minuta , and in Senecio heterotrichius; S.selloi; Stenachaenium campestre; Symphyopappus casarettoi and Vernonia nudiflora germination was equivalent at 20 or 25°C. Light promoted germination for all species except in Stenachaenium campestre and Tagetes minuta, the latter being a negative photoblastic species. According to the mean time for germination, the species could be ranked in: fast -less than 5 days- (Baccharis trimera; Eclipta alba; Elephantopus mollis; Stenachaenium campestre and Vernonia nudiflora); intermediate: between 5 and 10 days- (Eupatorium laevigatum; Mikania cordifolia and Tagetes minuta) ; slow: more than 10 days-(Senecio heterotrichius; S.oxyphyllus; S.selloi; Symphyopappus casarettoi; Trixis praestans). The results show that germination of seeds of a range of Asteraceae species varies with temperature and light regime; they provide an initial basis on which to test and interpret the effects of seasonal factors on germination and field establishment. In addition, comments on the agar and sand substrates were made

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline