Survey of B-glucan Content on Barley Cultivars Adapted to North Dakota

American demand for low fat, low cholesterol, high soluble fiber food stuffs increased in the 1980s. Oat based cereals increased in the marketplace. Soluble fiber of both oats and barley are due the polysaccharide walls of these grains.Barley was deemed to be possible choice for cereals like oats. growing conditions and the genotype affect the B-glucan levels in both oats and barley.In studies discussed here, the effect of plump kernels, hull-less kernels, alkaline viscosity, grain protein content, and total and soluble B-glucan content were factors used in studies covered in this article. This study was paid for by barley by the North Dakota Barley Council

Genomic phylogeography of the endemic Mountain Black-eye of Borneo (Chlorocharis emiliae): Montane and lowland populations differ in patterns of Pleistocene diversification

Aim: Our understanding of population diversification in the lowlands of Sundaland has improved substantially over the last 20 years through phylogeographical study, but we know almost nothing about population diversification in the mountains of the region. Here, we apply genomic analysis and habitat modelling to the phylogeography of Chlorocharis emiliae, the Mountain Black-eye, an endemic montane bird of Borneo with a sky-island distribution, to investigate the structure and interconnectivity of its populations. In the process, we consider factors driving population diversification in the mountains versus lowlands on the island, and how population structure of C. emiliae compares with structure of previously studied lowland species. Location: Borneo. Methods: Using RAD-seq, we produced thousands of SNPs in 25 individuals from five sky-island populations of C. emiliae. These populations represent the species entire range across Borneo. Genetic structure and species tree analyses were applied to measure population relationships and connectivity. Ecological niche modelling was used to estimate habitat distributions during current and LGM time periods. Results: We identified slight to moderate genetic distinctiveness among all populations. Based on demographic models, isolation with migration was the main pattern of divergence, and the most admixture occurred among three populations in north-eastern Borneo: Kinabalu, Trus Madi and Murud. The most divergent population, Pueh, in north-western Borneo, has low genetic diversity and a small effective population size, is geographically isolated and has diverged in isolation without notable gene flow. These results, based on a large genomic dataset, contradict the evolutionary relationships identified in an earlier mitochondrial DNA study. Main conclusions: Genomic phylogeographical comparisons indicate that diversification among sky-island populations of C. emiliae was driven largely by distance and historical habitat distribution, resulting in isolation but also some inter-population gene flow. During Pleistocene glacial events, cooler temperatures would have caused montane forest to descend and spread, thereby increasing connectivity among sky-island populations. However, despite increased montane habitat, the north-western population of Pueh remained isolated. This montane pattern contrasts with phylogeographical patterns in the Bornean lowlands, where populations often display evidence of vicariance followed by secondary contact. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Seed oils as additives: penetration of triolein, methyloleate and diclofop-methyl in maize leaves

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