Twelve-month service use, suicidality and mental health problems of European adolescents after a school-based screening for current suicidality

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in adolescents and help-seeking behaviour for suicidal behaviour is low. School-based screenings can identify adolescents at risk for suicidal behaviour and might have the potential to facilitate service use and reduce suicidal behaviour. The aim of this study was to assess associations of a two-stage school-based screening with service use and suicidality in adolescents (aged 15 ± 0.9 years) from 11 European countries after one year. Students participating in the 'Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe' (SEYLE) study completed a self-report questionnaire including items on suicidal behaviour. Those screening positive for current suicidality (first screening stage) were invited to an interview with a mental health professional (second stage) who referred them for treatment, if necessary. At 12-month follow-up, students completed the same self-report questionnaire including questions on service use within the past year. Of the N = 12,395 SEYLE participants, 516 (4.2%) screened positive for current suicidality and were invited to the interview. Of these, 362 completed the 12-month follow-up with 136 (37.6%) self-selecting to attend the interview (screening completers). The majority of both screening completers (81.9%) and non-completers (91.6%) had not received professional treatment within one year, with completers being slightly more likely to receive it (χ2(1) = 8.948, V = 0.157, p ≤ 0.01). Screening completion was associated with higher service use (OR 2.695, se 1.017, p ≤ 0.01) and lower suicidality at follow-up (OR 0.505, se 0.114, p ≤ 0.01) after controlling for potential confounders. This school-based screening offered limited evidence for the improvement of service use for suicidality. Similar future programmes might improve interview attendance rate and address adolescents' barriers to care

Tween-Embedded Microemulsions—Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Analysis for Antitubercular Drugs

The microemulsion composed of oleic acid, phosphate buffer, ethanol, and Tween (20, 40, 60, and 80) has been investigated in the presence of antitubercular drugs of extremely different solubilities, viz. isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA), and rifampicin (RIF). The phase behavior showing the realm of existence of microemulsion has been delineated at constant surfactant/co-surfactant ratio (Km = 0.55) with maximum isotropic region resulting in the case of Tween 80. The changes in the microstructure of Tween 80-based microemulsion in the presence of anti-TB drugs have been established using conductivty (σ) and viscosity (η) behavior. The optical microscopic images of the system help in understanding the effect of dilution and presence of drug on the structure of microemulsion. Partition coefficient, particle size analysis, and spectroscopic studies (UV–visible, Fourier transform infrared, and 1H NMR) have been performed to evaluate the location of a drug in the colloidal formulation. To compare the release of RIF, PZA, and INH from Tween 80 formulation, the dissolution studies have been carried out. It shows that the release of drugs follow the order INH>PZA>RIF. The kinetics of the release of drug has been analyzed using the Korsmeyer and Peppas equation. The results have given a fair success to predict that the release of PZA and INH from Tween 80 microemulsion is non-Fickian, whereas RIF is found to follow a Fickian mechanism

Post-exercise muscle glycogen synthesis with glucose, galactose and combined galactose-glucose ingestion

Ingested galactose can enhance post-exercise liver glycogen repletion when combined with glucose but effects on muscle glycogen synthesis are unknown. In this double-blind randomised study participants (7 men, 2 women; VO2max: 51.1 (8.7) ml·kg-1·min-1) completed 3 trials of exhaustive cycling exercise followed by a 4-h recovery period, during which carbohydrates were ingested at the rate of 1.2 g·kg-1·h-1 comprising glucose (GLU), galactose (GAL) or galactose+glucose (GAL+GLU; 1:2 ratio). The increase in vastus lateralis skeletal-muscle glycogen concentration during recovery was higher with GLU relative to GAL+GLU (contrast: +50 mmol∙(kg DM)-1; 95%CL 10, 89; p=0.021) and GAL (+46 mmol∙(kg DM)-1; 95%CL 8, 84; p=0.024) with no difference between GAL+GLU and GAL (-3 mmol∙(kg DM)-1; 95%CL -44, 37; p=0.843). Plasma glucose concentration with GLU was not significantly different vs GAL+GLU (+0.41 mmol∙L-1; 95%CL -0.13, 0.94) but was significantly lower in GAL (-1.16 mmol∙L-1; 95%CL -0.53, -1.80) and lower in GAL vs GLU (-0.75 mmol∙L-1; 95%CL -1.34, 0.17). Plasma insulin was higher in GLU+GAL and GLU compared to GAL but not different between GLU+GAL and GLU. Plasma galactose concentration was higher in GAL compared to GLU (3.35 mmol∙L-1; 95%CL 3.07, 3.63) and GAL+GLU (3.22 mmol∙L-1; 95%CL 3.54, 2.90) with no difference between GLU+GAL (0.13 mmol∙L-1; 95%CL -0.11, 0.37) and GLU. Compared to galactose or a galactose+glucose blend, glucose feeding was more effective in post-exercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Comparable muscle glycogen synthesis was observed with galactose-glucose co-ingestion and exclusive galactose-only ingestion

Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of Hepatitis C virus replication

We report the activities of a number of thiazolides [2-hydroxyaroyl-N-(thiazol-2-yl)amides] against hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes IA and IB, using replicon assays. The structure–activity relationships (SARs) of thiazolides against HCV are less predictable than against hepatitis B virus (HBV), though an electron-withdrawing group at C(5′) generally correlates with potency. Among the related salicyloylanilides, the m-fluorophenyl analogue was most promising; niclosamide and close analogues suffered from very low solubility and bioavailability. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) 1 has performed well in clinical trials against HCV. We show here that the 5′-Cl analogue 4 has closely comparable in vitro activity and a good cell safety index. By use of support vector analysis, a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model was obtained, showing good predictive models for cell safety. We conclude by updating the mode of action of the thiazolides and explain the candidate selection that has led to compound 4 entering preclinical development

Bone visualization of the cervical spine with deep learning-based synthetic CT compared to conventional CT: A single-center noninferiority study on image quality

Purpose: To investigate whether the image quality of a specific deep learning-based synthetic CT (sCT) of the cervical spine is noninferior to conventional CT. Method: Paired MRI and CT data were collected from 25 consecutive participants (≥ 50 years) with cervical radiculopathy. The MRI exam included a T1-weighted multiple gradient echo sequence for sCT reconstruction. For qualitative image assessment, four structures at two vertebral levels were evaluated on sCT and compared with CT by three assessors using a four-point scale (range 1–4). The noninferiority margin was set at 0.5 point on this scale. Additionally, acceptable image quality was defined as a score of 3–4 in ≥ 80% of the scans. Quantitative assessment included geometrical analysis and voxelwise comparisons. Results: Qualitative image assessment showed that sCT was noninferior to CT for overall bone image quality, artifacts, imaging of intervertebral joints and neural foramina at levels C3-C4 and C6-C7, and cortical delineation at C6-C7. Noninferiority was weak to absent for cortical delineation at level C3-C4 and trabecular bone at both levels. Acceptable image quality was achieved for all structures in sCT and CT, except for trabecular bone in sCT and level C6-C7 in CT. Geometrical analysis of the sCT showed good to excellent agreement with CT. Voxelwise comparisons showed a mean absolute error of 80.05 (±6.12) HU, dice similarity coefficient (cortical bone) of 0.84 (±0.04) and structural similarity index of 0.86 (±0.02). Conclusions: This deep learning-based sCT was noninferior to conventional CT for the general visualization of bony structures of the cervical spine, artifacts, and most detailed structure assessments

Twelve-month service use, suicidality and mental health problems of European adolescents after a school-based screening for current suicidality

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in adolescents and help-seeking behaviour for suicidal behaviour is low. School-based screenings can identify adolescents at risk for suicidal behaviour and might have the potential to facilitate service use and reduce suicidal behaviour. The aim of this study was to assess associations of a two-stage school-based screening with service use and suicidality in adolescents (aged 15 +/- 0.9 years) from 11 European countries after one year. Students participating in the 'Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe' (SEYLE) study completed a self-report questionnaire including items on suicidal behaviour. Those screening positive for current suicidality (first screening stage) were invited to an interview with a mental health professional (second stage) who referred them for treatment, if necessary. At 12-month follow-up, students completed the same self-report questionnaire including questions on service use within the past year. Of the N = 12,395 SEYLE participants, 516 (4.2%) screened positive for current suicidality and were invited to the interview. Of these, 362 completed the 12-month follow-up with 136 (37.6%) self-selecting to attend the interview (screening completers). The majority of both screening completers (81.9%) and non-completers (91.6%) had not received professional treatment within one year, with completers being slightly more likely to receive it (chi(2)((1)) = 8.948, V = 0.157, p <= 0.01). Screening completion was associated with higher service use (OR 2.695, se 1.017, p <= 0.01) and lower suicidality at follow-up (OR 0.505, se 0.114, p <= 0.01) after controlling for potential confounders. This school-based screening offered limited evidence for the improvement of service use for suicidality. Similar future programmes might improve interview attendance rate and address adolescents' barriers to care