Programming Languages For Hard Real-Time Embedded Systems

International audienceHard real-time embedded systems have traditionally been implemented using low level programming languages (such as ADA or C) at a level very close to the underlying operating system. However, for several years now the industry has started using higher level modelling languages, at least for early simulation and verification steps. The objective of this paper is to study existing formal languages including high level real-time primitives. Our review is built on the case study of an aerospace automated transfer vehicle, the particularity of which is to be composed of several multi-periodic communicating processes. In this paper, we emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of existing programming approaches when implementing this kind of system. As a result, the choice of the base rate of the program appears to have a major influence, not only on the difficulty to program the system correctly but also on the execution platform required to execute the program (operating system, scheduler, ...)

Mesures electrochimiques appliquees a la corrosion dans les equipements industriels.

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A synchronous language with partial delay specification for real-time systems programming

International audienceHigh-level formal programming languages require system designers to provide a very precise description of the system during early development phases, which may in some cases lead to arbitrary choices (i.e. the designer "overspecifies" the system). In this paper, we propose an extension of synchronous dataflow languages where the designer can specify that he does not care whether some communication is immediate or delayed. It is then up to the compiler to choose where to introduce delays, in a way that breaks causality cycles and satisfies latency requirements imposed on the system

Modification de l'encrassement de surfaces d'échange de chaleur par le lait, le lactosérum et des liquides modèles sous l'action d'un champ électrique

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Management of pediatric forearm fractures: what is the best therapeutic choice? A narrative review of the literature

Purpose: This narrative review intends to summarize the most important and relevant data on diagnosis and treatment of pediatric forearm fractures and to describe the characteristics and advantage of each therapeutic option. Methods: We conducted a literature research considering peer-reviewed papers (mainly clinical trials or scientific reviews) using the string “forearm fracture AND epidemiology” or “forearm fracture AND diagnosis or “ forearm fracture AND treatment” or “forearm fracture AND casting” or “forearm fracture AND surgery”. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) till April 2020 and reference lists of retrieved articles. Only English-language articles were included in the review. Results: Conservative management with cast immobilization is a safe and successful treatment option in pediatric forearm fractures. Surgical indication is recommended when an acceptable reduction cannot be obtained with closed reduction and casting. Surgical treatment options are intramedullary nail, plating and hybrid fixation. Conclusions: There is not a unique consensus about fracture management and treatment. Further studies are necessary to create univocal guidelines about optimal treatment, considering new techniques and available technologies