Anatomical characterisation of the kidneys of Didelphis aurita (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae)

Background: Didelphis aurita is a marsupial with wide distribution in the South American continent and highly adapted to urban centres. The objective of this study was to describe the measurements and skeletopy of the kidneys and renal vascularisation of this species.Materials and methods: With this aim, 29 cadavers (14 males and 15 females) of D. aurita collected on highways were analysed. The rostrum-sacral length of specimens, kidney measurements (length, width and thickness) and the length of the renal vessels were measured and the renal skeletopy registered.Results: In the right kidney, average length, width, thickness and ellipsoid volume were 28.6 ± 5.0 mm, 15.6 ± 2.9 mm, 12.8 ± 3.0 mm and 3.3 ± 2.4 cm3, respectively; in the left kidney, 31.0 ± 3.8 mm, 14.5 ± 3.6 mm, 12.6 ± 2.6 mm and 3.2 ± 2.2 cm3, respectively. There was no significant difference in the comparison of averages of renal dimensions between sexes and between antimeres. The right renal artery (13.2 ± 2.6 mm) was significantly longer (p < 0.01) than the left renal artery (10.7 ± 2.3 mm). In contrast, the left renal vein (13.9 ± 3.5 mm) was longer (p < 0.01) than the right renal vein (7.0 ± 2.3 mm). The skeletopy of the right kidney predominated between T13–L1 in 58.6% of the cases and the skeletopy of the left kidney between L1–L3 in 41.4%. The average length of the kidneys corresponded to 6% to 8% of the rostrum-sacral length of the specimens.Conclusions: The data of the present study characterised the measurements and topography of kidneys and renal vessels in D. aurita and can support the interpretation of clinical, experimental and pathological findings in this species

Discursive representations of restorative justice in international policies

The European Directive 2012/29/EU, the Council of Europe Recommendation CM/Rec(2018)8), and the recently launched updated United Nations Handbook (2020) testify to the increasing policy recognition of restorative justice at international level. And yet, despite the vast and burgeoning literature on restorative justice, limited research and critical analysis has been conducted on policies, and even less on international policies and instruments. As a result, we know little about how restorative justice is framed within policy and how such framings could contribute toward the development of this field in practice. Addressing this gap, this article seeks to understand the ways in which restorative justice is construed within international policies and their conditions of possibility, using a ‘policy-as-discourse’ analytical approach. The article also draws implications for the study of the relationships between restorative justice policy and practice and for future research on the institutionalisation of this ‘new’ frontier of penality, internationally

Empirische Beiträge und Materialien zum Strafvollzug : Bestandsaufnahmen des Strafvollzugs in Schleswig-Holstein und des Frauenvollzugs in Berlin

Der Strafvollzug leidet trotz erheblicher Anstrengungen nach wie vor an zu geringer Transparenz. Die offiziellen Strafvollzugsstatistiken blenden weite Bereiche der Vollzugswirklichkeit im Hinblick auf strukturelle Merkmale wie Personal- und Vollzugsmaßnahmen vollständig aus. Der Band kommt dem Bedürfnis nach einer verlaufsbezogenen Analyse am Beispiel zweier Untersuchungen zum Strafvollzug in Schleswig-Holstein und im Frauenvollzug in Berlin entgegen. Im Rahmen von Aktenanalysen jeweils des Entlassungsjahrgangs 1989 wurden differenziert Merkmale der Sozial- und Legalbiographie sowie die durchgeführten Vollzugsmaßnahmen erhoben und verknüpft