МЕХАНИЗМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В АГРАРНОМ СЕКТОРЕ

The publication considers problems and mechanisms of human capital assets development. The authors review the poll of rural people in order to estimate financial situation in concern of living conditions and development of human capital assets in rural areas. Studying of human capital assets is explained by new review of a person and his life as the main assets of Russian society and one of the main factors of economic progress. Modernization and technological re-equipment of the industrial sphere in Russia, agribusiness re-equipment is possible in case of sufficient human capital assets and its efficient application. Development of human capital assets and its quality increasing contributes to solving socio-economic problems and strengthens innovative development in rural areas. Human capital assets are the main source of various innovations and social changes; it is the factor of transition to new quality which is found in all spheres of social life. Nowadays, innovative development of rural areas depends on human capital assets. Bad financial situation is a strong factor restricting successful rural development. Insufficient level of human capital assets development in rural areas leads to higher requirements to qualifications, solving socio-economic problems of rural areas, new conception of personnel training and development of human capital assets. The publication suggests the main principles of conception of development of human capital assets (strengthening of state support in rural areas, development of entrepreneurship, investments in personal development, education, medicine and culture).Рассматриваются проблемы, механизмы развития человеческого капитала. Проведен опрос сельского населения с целью оценки материального положения, жилищных и других условий развития человеческого капитала на селе. Изучение человеческого капитала на сегодняшний день определяется необходимостью нового взгляда на человека и человеческую жизнь как главные достояния российского общества и один из важнейших факторов достижения экономического прогресса. Модернизация и технологическое обновление всей производственной сферы страны, в том числе АПК, возможно при условии формирования достаточно высокого уровня развития человеческого капитала и его эффективного использования. Развитие человеческого капитала, повышение его качеств позволяет решать многочисленные социально-экономические проблемы, ускоряет инновационное развитие сельских территорий. Человеческий капитал является основным источником многочисленных новаций и перемен в  обществе, фактором его совершенствования, перехода к новому качеству и получает воплощение в развитии сфер жизни общества. В современных условиях инновационное развитие сельских территорий в  значительной степени определяется накопленным человеческим капиталом. Низкий уровень материального положения людей является мощным ограничителем устойчивого развития села, а его преодоление – важнейшее условие такого развития. Недостаточный уровень развития человеческого капитала в сельской местности требует решения проблем социально-экономического развития села, повышения требований к квалификации труда, разработки новой концепции подготовки кадров. Предложены основные принципы концепции развития человеческого капитала (усиление мер государственной поддержки сел, развитие предпринимательства, увеличение инвестиций в развитие человека, образования, здравоохранения и культуры)

Characterization of the cork oak transcriptome dynamics during acorn development

Background: Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) has a natural distribution across western Mediterranean regions and is a keystone forest tree species in these ecosystems. The fruiting phase is especially critical for its regeneration but the molecular mechanisms underlying the biochemical and physiological changes during cork oak acorn development are poorly understood. In this study, the transcriptome of the cork oak acorn, including the seed, was characterized in five stages of development, from early development to acorn maturation, to identify the dominant processes in each stage and reveal transcripts with important functions in gene expression regulation and response to water. Results: A total of 80,357 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were de novo assembled from RNA-Seq libraries representative of the several acorn developmental stages. Approximately 7.6 % of the total number of transcripts present in Q. suber transcriptome was identified as acorn specific. The analysis of expression profiles during development returned 2,285 differentially expressed (DE) transcripts, which were clustered into six groups. The stage of development corresponding to the mature acorn exhibited an expression profile markedly different from other stages. Approximately 22 % of the DE transcripts putatively code for transcription factors (TF) or transcriptional regulators, and were found almost equally distributed among the several expression profile clusters, highlighting their major roles in controlling the whole developmental process. On the other hand, carbohydrate metabolism, the biological pathway most represented during acorn development, was especially prevalent in mid to late stages as evidenced by enrichment analysis. We further show that genes related to response to water, water deprivation and transport were mostly represented during the early (S2) and the last stage (S8) of acorn development, when tolerance to water desiccation is possibly critical for acorn viability. Conclusions: To our knowledge this work represents the first report of acorn development transcriptomics in oaks. The obtained results provide novel insights into the developmental biology of cork oak acorns, highlighting transcripts putatively involved in the regulation of the gene expression program and in specific processes likely essential for adaptation. It is expected that this knowledge can be transferred to other oak species of great ecological value.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologi