Design and performance of ropes for climbing and sailing

Ropes are an important part of the equipment used by climbers, mountaineers, and sailors. On first inspection, most modern polymer ropes appear similar, and it might be assumed that their designs, construction, and properties are governed by the same requirements. In reality, the properties required of climbing ropes are dominated by the requirement that they effectively absorb and dissipate the energy of the falling climber, in a manner that it does not transmit more than a critical amount of force to his body. This requirement is met by the use of ropes with relatively low longitudinal stiffness. In contrast, most sailing ropes require high stiffness values to maximize their effectiveness and enable sailors to control sails and equipment precisely. These conflicting requirements led to the use of different classes of materials and different construction methods for the two sports. This paper reviews in detail the use of ropes, the properties required, manufacturing techniques and materials utilized, and the effect of service conditions on the performance of ropes. A survey of research that has been carried out in the field reveals what progress has been made in the development of these essential components and identifies where further work may yield benefits in the future

Beta-lactamic resistance profiles in porphyromonas, prevotella, and parvimonas species isolated from acute endodontic infections

Susceptibility to beta-lactamic agents has changed among anaerobic isolates from acute endodontic infections. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the cfxAlcfxA2 gene in Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., and Parviomonas micra strains and show its phenotypic expression. Root canal samples from teeth with acute endodontic infections were collected and Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Parvimonas micra strains were isolated and microbiologically identified with conventional culture techniques. The susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration of benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin + clavulanate using the E-test method (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden). The presence of the cfxAlcfxA2 gene was determined through primer-specific polymerase chain reaction. The nitrocefin test was used to determine the expression of the lactamase enzyme. Prevotella disiens, Prevotella oralis, Porphyromonas gin givalis, and P micra strains were susceptible to benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin + clavulanate. The cfxA/cfxA2 gene was detected in 2 of 29 isolates (6.9%). Simultaneous detection of the cfxAlcfxA2 gene and lactamase production was observed for 1 Prevotella buccalis strain. The gene was in 1 P micra strain but was not expressed. Three strains were positive for lactamase production, but the cfxAlcfxA2 gene was not detected through polymerase chain reaction. There is a low prevalence of the cfxAl cfxA2 gene and its expression in Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., and P. micra strains isolated from acute endodontic infections. Genetic and phenotypic screening must be performed simultaneously to best describe additional mechanisms involved in lactamic resistance for strict anaerobes403339344FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL - FAPERGSFederal University of Rio Grande do Su

Manejo da vaca seca.

O objetivo deste capítulo é descrever o manejo para vacas secas de acordo com o perfil das vacas encontradas na maior parte dos rebanhos amazônicos, ou seja, o manejo que mais se adequa a esse tipo de vaca e perfil de produtores.bitstream/item/217362/1/cpafro-18463.pd

Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Female Moths Respond to Herbivore-Induced Corn Volatiles

In response to herbivore attack, plants release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that represent important chemical cues for herbivore natural enemies. Additionally, HIPVs have been shown to mediate other ecological interactions with herbivores. Differently from natural enemies that are generally attracted to HIPVs, herbivores can be either attracted or repelled depending on several biological and ecological parameters. Our study aimed to assess the olfactory response of fall armyworm-mated female moths toward odors released by mechanically and herbivore-induced corn at different time intervals. Results showed that female moths strongly respond to corn volatiles, although fresh damaged corn odors (0-1 h) are not recognized by moths. Moreover, females preferred volatiles released by undamaged plant over herbivore-induced plants at 5-6 h. This preference for undamaged plants may reflect an adaptive strategy of moths to avoid competitors and natural enemies for their offspring. We discussed our results based on knowledge about corn volatile release pattern and raise possible explanations for fall armyworm moth behavior.INCT Semioquimicos na AgriculturaINCT Semioquimicos na AgriculturaCNPqCNPqFAPESPFapes

Paracrine Induction of HIF by Glutamate in Breast Cancer: EglN1 Senses Cysteine

The HIF transcription factor promotes adaptation to hypoxia and stimulates the growth of certain cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The HIFα subunit is usually prolyl-hydroxylated by EglN family members under normoxic conditions, causing its rapid degradation. We confirmed that TNBC cells secrete glutamate, which we found is both necessary and sufficient for the paracrine induction of HIF1α in such cells under normoxic conditions. Glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamate-cystine antiporter, leading to intracellular cysteine depletion. EglN1, the main HIFα prolyl-hydroxylase, undergoes oxidative self-inactivation in the absence of cysteine both in biochemical assays and in cells, resulting in HIF1α accumulation. Therefore, EglN1 senses both oxygen and cysteine

Composicao fisica da carcaca de bezerros da raca Holandesa alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes niveis de concentrado.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos diferentes niveis de concentrado nas dietas sobre a composicao fisica da carcaca. Trinta e dois bezerros da raca Holandesa, PC, variedade preto e branco, divididos em dois grupos de abate (grupo 1: 16 animais abatidos com 190 + ou - 10kg PV e grupo 2: 16 animais abatidos com 300 + ou - 10kg, com, em media, 75 dias de idade e 78 kg PV inicial, foram distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repeticoes para ambos os grupos. Os animais foram alimentados a vontade com dietas contendo 45,0; 60,0; 75,0 e 90,0% de concentrado na base da racao (%MS), usando-se feno de capim coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon), fuba de milho e farelo de soja, os quais constituiram dietas com aproximadamente 16% PB. A cada periodo de 28 dias, os animais foram pesados e abatidos quando se aproximavam do peso de abate preestabelecido para os grupos 1 e 2. A proporcao de ossos na carcaca dos animais do grupo 1 nao foi influenciada, porem a de musculos diminuiu e a de gordura e as relacoes tecido adiposo: osseo e tecido adiposo: muscular aumentaram linearmente, em funcao dos niveis de concentrado nas racoes. O aumento do nivel de concentrado nas racoes influenciou somente a relacao tecido muscular: osseo na carcaca dos animais do grupo 2

Composicao corporal e exigencias liquidas e dieteticas de macroelementos minerais de bezerros alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes niveis de volumoso.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de diferentes niveis de volumoso nas dietas sobre as exigencias liquidas e dieteticas de calcio (Ca), fosforo (P), magnesio (Mg), sodio (Na) e potassio (k) de bezerros mesticos (Holandes x Zebu) em crescimento. Quarenta e oito bezeerros mesticos foram alimentados a vontade e distribuidos em cinco grupos de oito animais, de acordo com cada sistema de alimentacao (Tratamentos). Os seguintes niveis de volumoso nas dietas, na base da materia seca, foram usados: T1 = 10%; T2 = 25%; T3 = 40%; T4 = 55% e T5 = 90%. As deposicoes de calcio e magnesio para ganho de peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) aumentaram, ao passo que as exigencias dieteticas de calcio e fosforo, praticamente, nao mudaram, a medida que o peso do animal aumentou de 60 para 300 Kg PV, para todos niveis de volumoso na dieta. As exigencias liquidas e dieteticas (g), estimadas pela equacao geral, para ganho de 1 Kg PCVZ, para bovinos com peso entre 60 a 300 Kg PV, variaram de 16,85 a 15,72 g para Ca; 8,51 a 8,56 g para P; 0,27 a 0,34 g para Mg; 0,89 a 1,24 g para Na; e 1,87 a 2,08 g para K e de 32,06 a 29,91 g para Ca; 16,50 a 16,39 g para P; 0,59 a 0,74 g para Mg; 0,95 a 1,32 g para Na; e 2,27 a 2,53 g para K, respectivamente

Composicao corporal e exigencias liquidas de energia e proteina de bezerros alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes niveis de volumoso.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos cincos niveis de volumoso sobre a composicao corporal, as exigencias de energia liquida para mantenca e ganho de peso e os requerimentos liquidos de proteina para ganho de peso. Foram usados quarenta e oito bezerros mesticos (Holandes x Zebu), machos, nao-castrados, com idade aproximada de 60 dias e peso vivo medio inicial de 60 kg. Oito animais foram abatidos ao inicio do experimento, para servirem de referencia; 32 foram alimentados a vontade com concentrado e feno de capim coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon) e distribuidos em quatro grupos de oito animais, de acordo com cada sistema de alimentacao, tratamentos (T), com os seguintes niveis de volumoso nas dietas na base da materia seca: T1 = 10, T2 =25; T3 = 40 e T4 = 55%; e oito animais receberam 90% de volumoso e 10% de concentrado (T5), para atender as exigencias ligeiramente acima da mantenca. Quatro animais de cada tratamento foram abatidos quando atingiram 180 + - 10 kg PV (grupo 2); os outros quatro, ao atingirem o peso 300 + - 10 kgPV (grupo 1); e os do grupo de mantenca, com pesos variados e idade media de abate dos grupos 1 e 2. As exigencias de energia liquida para mantenca foram determinadas em funcao do consumo de energia metabolizavel (EM), para o nivel zero de ingestao de EM. Equacoes de regressao do logaritimo dos conteudos corporais de gordura, energia e proteina foram ajustadas em funcao do logaritimo do peso corpo vazio (PCVZ). Valores de exigencias de energia liquida para mantenca de 71,76 e 8465 Kcal/kg0,75, respectivamente, forma obtidos para animais com 180 e 300 Kg. A quantidade de gordura e o conteudo de energia no peso ganho aumentaram, a medida que se elevou o peso vivo do animal, para todos os niveis de volumoso. A exigencia de energia liquida para mantenca, estimada para os dois grupos em conjunto, foi de 81,3 Kcal/Kg0,75PCVZ. Os valores obtidos foram, em media, 3,46 Mcal e 196g de energia liquida e proteina no kg de ganho de PCVZ, para animais de 300 kg de peso vivo

Ganho de peso, conversao alimentar e caracteristicas da carcaca de bezerros alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes niveis de volumoso.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos diferentes niveis de volumoso das dietas sobre o consumo total de materia seca (CTMS), ganho diario de peso, conversao alimentar e caracteristicas de carcacas. Utilizaram-se 32 bezerros mesticos Holandes x Zebu, nao-castrados, com idade aproximadamente de 60 dias e peso vivo medio inicial de 60kg, distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram alimentados a vontade com racoes contendo niveis crescentes de volumoso a base da MS: T1 = 10%; T2 = 25%; T3 = 40% e T4 =55%. Como volumoso, utilizou-se o feno de capim coast-cross (Cynodob dactylon) picado. Todas as racoes continham, aproximadamente, 16% de PB na base da materia seca (MS). O nivel de nutrientes digestiveis totais decresceu com o aumento do feno das dietas. Os animais foram abatidos com 300 (grupo 1) e 180 (gropo 2). A adicao de volumoso na dieta proporcionou resposta curvilinea para o consumo total de MS, para os animais do grupo 1, estimando-se consumo maximo de 3,69 Kg/dia para o nivel de 54,42% de volumoso na dieta. A conversao alimentar, expressa em peso vivo e peso de corpo vazio, aumentou linearmente, enquanto o peso de corpo vazio final e o peso da carcaca quente decresceram linearmente com a elevacao dos niveis de volumoso na dieta, para ambos os grupos de animais. Os ganho diarios (GDP) para os periodos de 28 dias, para o grupo 1, e 28, 56 e 84 dias, para o grupo 2, reduziram linearmente com a elevacao dos niveis de volumoso na dieta, apresentando valores variando de 0.94 a 0,66; 0,82 a 0,60; 1,05 a 0,60 e 1,20 a 0,63 kg/dia, respectivamente

Phase II study of nivolumab and salvage nivolumab/ipilimumab in treatment-naïve patients with advanced non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (HCRN GU16-260-Cohort B)

Background To determine the efficacy and toxicity of nivolumab monotherapy in treatment-naive patients with non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC) and the efficacy of nivolumab/ipilimumab salvage therapy in patients with tumors unresponsive to initial nivolumab monotherapy.Methods Eligible patients with treatment-naive nccRCC received nivolumab until progressive disease (PD), toxicity, or completion of 96 weeks of treatment (Part A). Patients with PD prior to, or stable disease (SD) at 48 weeks (prolonged SD) were potentially eligible to receive salvage nivolumab/ipilimumab (Part B). Patients were required to submit tissue from a metastatic lesion obtained within 12 months prior to study entry and prior to Part B for correlative studies.Results 35 patients with nccRCC were enrolled: 19 (54%) had papillary, 6 (17%) had chromophobe and 10 (29%) had unclassified histology. At median follow-up of 22.9 months, RECIST-defined objective response rate (ORR) was 5 of 35 (14.3% 95% CI 4.8% to 30.3%) (complete response (CR) 2 (5.7%) and partial response (PR) 3 (8.6%)). ORR by histology was: papillary-1/19 (5%); chromophobe-1/6 (17%); and unclassified-3/10 (30%). Nine patients (26%) had tumors with sarcomatoid features with 3 (33%) (2 unclassified and 1 papillary) responding. ORR was 0/18, 3/11 (27%) and 2/6 (33%) for patients with tumor progammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression of = 5% or not measured, respectively. Median progression-free survival was 4.0 (2.7-4.3) months. Two of five responders have progressed. Thirty-two patients had PD or prolonged SD and therefore, were potentially eligible for salvage nivolumab/ipilimumab (Part B), but 15 patients did not enroll due to grade 2-3 toxicity (6) on nivolumab, symptomatic disease progression (5), or other reasons including no biopsy tissue (4). In the 17 Part B patients, there was one PR (6%) (unclassified/non-sarcomatoid). Grade >3 treatment-related adverse events were seen in 7/35 (20%) on nivolumab and 7/17 (41%) on salvage nivolumab/ipilimumab with one patient experiencing sudden death.Conclusions Nivolumab monotherapy has limited activity in treatment-naive nccRCC with most responses (4 of 5) seen in patients with sarcomatoid and/or unclassified tumors. Toxicity is consistent with prior nivolumab studies. Salvage treatment with nivolumab/ipilimumab was provided in half of these patients with minimal activity