Energy poverty in rural and urban India : are the energy poor also income poor ?

Energy poverty is a frequently used term among energy specialists, but unfortunately the concept is rather loosely defined. Several existing approaches measure energy poverty by defining an energy poverty line as the minimum quantity of physical energy neededto perform such basic tasks as cooking and lighting. This paper proposes an alternative measure that is based on energy demand. The energy poverty line is defined as the threshold point at which energy consumption begins to rise with increases in household income. This approach was applied to cross-sectional data from a comprehensive 2005 household survey representative of both urban and rural India. The findings suggest that in rural areas some 57 percent of households are energy poor, versus 22 percent that are income poor. For urban areas the energy poverty rate is 28 percent compared with 20 percent that are income poor. Policies to reduce energy poverty would include support for rural electrification, the promotion of more modern cooking fuels, and encouraging greater adoption of improved biomass stoves. A combination of these programs would play a significant role in reducing energy poverty in rural India.Energy Production and Transportation,Rural Poverty Reduction,Energy and Environment,Environment and Energy Efficiency,Energy Demand

Welfare impacts of rural electrification : a case study from Bangladesh

Lack of access to electricity is one of the major impediments to growth and development of the rural economies in developing countries. That is why access to modern energy, in particular to electricity, has been one of the priority themes of the World Bank and other development organizations. Using a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2005 of some 20,000 households in rural Bangladesh, this paper studies the welfare impacts of households'grid connectivity. Based on rigorous econometric estimation techniques, this study finds that grid electrification has significant positive impacts on households'income, expenditure, and educational outcomes. For example, the gain in total income due to electrification can be as much as 30 percent and as low as 9 percent. Benefits go up steadily as household exposure to grid electrification (measured by duration) increases and eventually reach a plateau. This paper also finds that rich households benefit more from electrification than poor households. Finally, estimates also show that income benefits of electrification on an average exceed cost by a wide margin.Energy Production and Transportation,Access to Finance,Engineering,Electric Power,Rural Poverty Reduction

Welfare impacts of rural electrification : evidence from Vietnam

Access to electricity is crucial for economic development and there is a growing body of literature on the impact of rural electrification on development. However, most studies have so far relied on cross-sectional surveys comparing households with and without electricity, which have well known causal attribution problems. This paper is one of the first studies to examine the welfare impacts of households’ rural electrification based on panel surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005 for some 1,100 households in rural Vietnam,. The findings indicate that grid electrification has been both extensive (connecting all surveyed communes by 2005) and intensive (connecting almost 80 percent of the surveyed households by 2005). Vietnam is unusual in that once electricity is locally available, both rich and poor households are equally likely to get the connection. The econometric estimations suggest that grid electrification has significant positive impacts on households’ cash income, expenditure, and educational outcomes. The benefits, however, reach a saturation point after prolonged exposure to electricity. Finally, this study recommends investigating the long-term benefits of rural electrification - not just for households, but for the rural economy as a whole.Energy Production and Transportation,Electric Power,Engineering,Access to Finance,Rural Poverty Reduction

Penerapan Teknik Pemberian Reinforcement (Penguatan) Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Fisika Pada Peserta Didik Kelas VIII.A SMP PGRI Bajeng Kabupaten Gowa

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian Pra Eksprimen yang bertujuan: untuk mengetahui besarnya hasil belajar Fisika peserta didik kelas VIII.ASMP SMP PGRI Bajeng dan untuk mengetahui hasil belajar fisika memenuhi standar KKM yang telah ditentukan jika diajar dengan menggunakan teknik pemberian Reinforcement (penguatan) tahun ajaran 2013/2014. Subjek populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik kelas VIII SMP PGRI Bajeng tahun ajaran 2012/2013 sebanyak 109 peserta didik (4 kelas) dengan sampel 28 peserta didik yang ditentukan melalui acak kelas. Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah The One-shot case study design”. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah tes hasil belajar fisika yang memenuhi kriteria valid dengan reliabilitas 0,645. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensial. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan nilai rata-rata hasil belajar fisika peserta didik kelas VIII.A SMP PGRI Bajeng setelah diajar dengan teknik pemberian reinforcement (penguatan) sebesar 74,42 dan standar deviasi 8,28. Hasil analisis inferensial menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar fisika peserta didik kelas VIII.ASMP PGRI Bajeng tahun ajaran 2013/2014 setelah diajar dengan teknik pemberian reinforcement (penguatan) memenuhi standar KKM yang telah ditentukan.Kata kunci: Penelitian Pra-eksperimen, Teknik Reinforcement, statistik deskriptif, statistik inferensial.This study is aimed at experimental rheumatology research: to determine the learning outcomes of students grade VIII.A Physics SMP SMP PGRI Bajeng and physics to determine the learning outcomes meet predetermined standards KKM if taught using techniques of reinforcement (strengthening) of the school year in 2013 / 2014. Subject population in this study were all eighth grade students of SMP PGRI Bajeng academic year 2012/2013 a total of 109 students (4 classes) with a sample of 28 students is determined through a random class. The research design used was The One-shot case study design ". The instrument used in this study is physics achievement test which meets the criteria valid at 0.645 reliability. The data analysis technique used in this study are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis showed the average value of the results of the class students learn physics VIII.A SMP PGRI Bajeng after being taught the techniques of reinforcement (reinforcement) of 74.42 and a standard deviation of 8.28. Inferential analysis results indicate that the learning outcomes of students grade physics VIII.A SMP PGRI Bajeng academic year 2013/2014 after being taught the techniques of reinforcement (reinforcement) KKM meet predetermined standards

Female genital tuberculosis revisted

Objective: To assess the clinical presentation of genital tuberculosis and to study various modes of diagnosis and treatment.SETTING: The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi.Method: A retrospective case review of all index female cases of genital tuberculosis, admitted to AKUH over twelve years of period.Result: A total of 40 cases of genital tuberculosis were reported during this time period. Majority of cases were between 25-45 years. The commonest presenting symptoms were infertility (42.5%) and abdominal pain (42%). Others included fever, ascites, irregular vaginal bleeding, oligomenorrhea, chest pain and pain in the flanks. Main mode of treatment was antituberculous drug therapy for duration of nine months. Only 3 patients had successful pregnancies.Conclusion: Genital tuberculosis should be excluded when managing infertility in females

La influencia de la autoridad formal y el estilo de enseñanza del delegado en el disfrute de los estudiantes en la asignatura de estudios empresariales

The purpose of this study was to examine the teacher’s teaching style and students’ attitude towards the business studies subject. The samples were 189 upper six students who took business studies subject. This study used the survey method. Descriptive and inferential statistics used were Pearson correlations. The study found that the personal model teaching style was the preferred teaching style.  Students’ attitude towards the business studies subject was at a moderate level. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between teachers’ teaching style and students’ attitude toward business studies subject. The results of Pearson’s correlation test found that two types of teaching styles that were formal authority and delegator style had a significant relationship with the sub-constructs of attitude namely enjoyment.El propósito de este estudio fue examinar el estilo de enseñanza del maestro y la actitud de los estudiantes hacia la asignatura de estudios de negocios. Las muestras fueron 189 estudiantes de los seis primeros que tomaron asignaturas de estudios empresariales. Este estudio utilizó el método de encuesta. Las estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales utilizadas fueron las correlaciones de Pearson. El estudio encontró que el estilo de enseñanza modelo personal era el estilo de enseñanza preferido. La actitud de los estudiantes hacia la asignatura de estudios empresariales fue moderada. El análisis de correlación reveló una relación positiva significativa entre el estilo de enseñanza de los maestros y la actitud de los estudiantes hacia la asignatura de estudios empresariales. Los resultados de la prueba de correlación de Pearson encontraron que dos tipos de estilos de enseñanza que eran autoridad formal y estilo delegador tenían una relación significativa con las subconstrucciones de actitud, a saber, el disfrute