Success from Satisficing and Imitation: Entrepreneurs’ Location Choice and Implications of Heuristics for Local Economic Development

Decisions about location choice provide an opportunity to compare the predictions of optimization models, which require exhaustive search through very large choice sets, against the actual decision processes used by entrepreneurs choosing where to allocate investment capital. This paper presents new data on entrepreneurs’ self-described decision processes when choosing where to locate, based on scripted interviews with 49 well-placed business owners and senior managers in charge of location choice. Consideration sets are surprisingly small, especially among those who are successful. According to entrepreneurs’ own accounts, locations are frequently discovered by chance rather than systematic search. Few describe decision processes that bear any resemblance to equating marginal benefit with marginal cost as prescribed by standard optimization theory. Nearly all interviewees describe location choice decisions based on threshold conditions, providing direct evidence of satisficing rather than optimization. Imitation is beneficial for small investment projects. Decision process data collected here suggests a need to rethink standard policy tools used to stimulate local economic development

Which is Better for Pain Reduction before Venipuncture: Glucose, Lidocaine or Expressed Breast Milk? Introduction and Aim

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to compare effects of 2 cc oral glucose (50%), topical application of lidocaine, 2 cc of expressed breast milk (EBM), and nothing per oral for reducing of pain before painful procedures. Patients and methods: In this case-control study, 121 term neonates were included. There were 3 groups of cases and one control group. Inclusion criteria were: term neonates (38-42 weeks); stable condition; per oral feeding; five minutes APGAR>7; and no history of narcotic usage. Neonates were randomly divided in 4 groups. Two milliliter of glucose solution (50%), topical application of lidocaine, and 2 cc of expressed breast milk via syringe were used for group I, II, and III respectively. Group IV is the control group. For control group, no additional measure was done. Data analysis was performed using SPSS ver 11.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA were used for analysis. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Score of Douleur Aiguë Nouveau-né was significantly lower in group III compared to other group (P<0.05, Tukey). Crying time in group III was significantly lower than group IV. Respiratory rate in group II was significantly lower than group IV (P=0.018). Pulse rate was significantly lower in group III compared to other group. Conclusion: Expressed breast milk is the safe and natural agents for reducing pain of neonates. Another clinical trial study with more samples is recommended