6,705 research outputs found
Electrodynamics with non-linear constitutive laws and memory effects
Maxwell's equations governing the propagation of electro-magnetic fields are considered in conjunction with a class of material relations, which are capable of repre- senting memory effects and time delay
Boosted Tidal Disruption by Massive Black Hole Binaries During Galaxy Mergers FROM The View of N-Body Simulation
Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are productions of the hierarchical
galaxy formation model. There are many close connections between central SMBH
and its host galaxy because the former plays very important roles on the
formation and evolution of a galaxy. For this reason, the evolution of SMBHBs
in merging galaxies is an essential problem. Since there are many discussions
about SMBHB evolution in gas rich environment, we focus on the quiescent
galaxy, using tidal disruption as a diagnostic tool. Our study is based on a
series of numerical large particle number direct N-body simulations for dry
major mergers. According to the simulation results, the evolution can be
divided into three phases. In phase I, the tidal disruption rate for two well
separated SMBHs in merging system has similar level to single SMBH in isolate
galaxy. After two SMBHs getting close enough to form a bound binary in phase
II, the disruption rate can be enhanced for ~ 2 order of magnitudes within a
short time. This "boosted" disruption stage finishes after the SMBHB evolving
to compact binary system in phase III, corresponding to a drop back of
disruption rate to a level of a few times higher than that in Phase I. How to
correctly extrapolate our N-body simulation results to reality, and
implications of our results to observations, are discussed too.Comment: 16 pages, Accepted for publication in Ap
Cosmological particle creation in states of low energy
The recently proposed states of low energy provide a well-motivated class of
reference states for the quantized linear scalar field on cosmological
Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetimes. The low energy property of a state is
localized close to some value of the cosmological time coordinate. We present
calculations of the relative cosmological particle production between a state
of low energy at early time and another such state at later time. In an
exponentially expanding Universe, we find that the particle production shows
oscillations in the spatial frequency modes. The basis of the method for
calculating the relative particle production is completely rigorous.
Approximations are only used at the level of numerical calculation.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figure
Consequences of Postnatally Elevated Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II in Transgenic Mice: Endocrine Changes and Effects on Body and Organ Growth.
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is an important regulator of
embryonic growth and differentiation, but its function in postnatal life
is unclear. To address this point, we generated transgenic mice harboring
fusion genes in which a human IGF-II complementary DNA is
placed under the transcriptional control of the rat phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase promoter. Transgene-specific messenger RNA was detected
in liver, kidney, and several parts of the gut. Serum IGF-II levels
in transgenic mice were 2-3 times higher than those in controls and
increased after starvation. Circulating IGF-I correlated negatively and
IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) positively with IGF-II levels, suggesting
that IGF-I is displaced from IGFBPs by IGF-II and that IGFII
is a major regulator of IGFBP-2. Serum levels of IGFBP-3 and
IGFBP-4 tended to be higher in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-
IGF-II transgenic mice than in controls, as evaluated by ligand blot
analysis. Starvation reduced serum IGF-I, but increased IGFBP-2 in
transgenic mice more markedly than in controls. Fasting insulin levels
were significantly reduced in transgenic mice, whereas glucose levels
were not influenced by elevated IGF-II. The body growth of 4- and 12-
week-old mice was not significantly influenced by elevated IGF-II, but
transgenic mice displayed increased kidney and testis weight at the age
of 4 weeks, and increased adrenal weight at the age of 12 weeks. Our
results demonstrate that elevated IGF-II in postnatal life has multiple
endocrine consequences and subtle time-specific effects on organ
growth
Statt einer Buchbesprechung: Wie geht man mit Plagiaten um?
Die Problematik des im Verlag Brill erschienenen Buchs "Spiders: Biology, Ecology, Natural History and Behavior" von Fred Punzo (2007) wird besprochen; schon beim ersten DurchblĂ€ttern war dem Rezensenten aufgefallen, dass "hier wenig Originales, dafĂŒr viel aus anderen LehrbĂŒchern 'Abgekupfertes' zu finden war, noch dazu in miserabler QualitĂ€t.
Per se Legality of Vertical Restraints: Contested in America -- Not Debated in Germany: Search for Reasons and Comparison
The approach towards vertical restraints depends heavily on the outcome of the battle for the soul of antitrust . Therefore, to make the implications of the dispute more comprehensible, this study necessarily has to prefer to the basics of antitrust policy such as legislative history and political underpinnings. The second chapter addresses the underlying values of American and German antitrust laws and compares the concepts chosen to protect these values. Based on these foundations, chapter three evaluates resale price maintenance. In chapter four, the Supreme Court\u27s judgment in Business Electronics Corp. v. Sharp Electronics Corp. is analyzed according to the GWB perspective. The fifth chapter deals with other, non-price vertical restraints. The last two chapters summarize, conclude, and suggest improvements for the American antitrust la
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