6-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5-carbaldehyde

The 4-chloro­phenyl residue in the title compound, C20H16ClNO, is oriented at a dihedral angle of 53.6 (3)° towards the phenyl ring and 42.0 (9)° towards the pyrrole ring of the pyrrolizine template. The phenyl ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 45.4 (4)° towards the pyrrole ring

The Roles of Large Scale Structures in the Initial Development of Circular Jets

Experimental results are presented describing the flow field surrounding the potential core of a circular water jet in the Reynolds number region between 5,000 and 15,000. This field is divided into three regions: 1) the shear layer instability zone; 2) the vortex interaction region; and 3) the zone of higher order instability mode and turbulence generation. It is shown that the origin of the large scale structures just downstream of the potential cone can be traced to the upstream vortices, but their statistical behaviour (passage frequency, spatial coherence) seems to be independent of the initial shear layer instability

6-(4-Meth­oxy­phen­yl)-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5-carbaldehyde

The 4-meth­oxy­phenyl residue in the title compound, C21H19NO2, is oriented at a dihedral angle of 54.6 (5)° with respect to the phenyl ring and at a dihedral angle of 52.5 (8)° with respect to the pyrrole ring of the pyrrolizine system. The phenyl ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 36.2 (5)° with respect to the pyrrole ring. The meth­oxy group makes a C—C—O—C torsion angle of 3.8 (9)° with the attached benzene ring

Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) RNA sequences have been detected in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and are related to the multi-copy human endogenous retrovirus family type W (HERV-W). Only one HERV-W locus (ERVWE1) codes for a complete HERV-W Env protein (Syncytin-1). Syncytin-1 and the putative MSRV Env protein have been involved in the pathogenesis of MS. The origin of MSRV and its precise relation to HERV-W were hitherto unknown.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By mapping HERV-W <it>env </it>cDNA sequences (n = 332) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with MS and healthy controls onto individual genomic HERV-W <it>env </it>elements, we identified seven transcribed HERV-W <it>env </it>loci in these cells, including ERVWE1. Transcriptional activity of individual HERV-W <it>env </it>elements did not significantly differ between patients with MS and controls. Remarkably, almost 30% of HERV-W <it>env </it>cDNAs were recombined sequences that most likely arose <it>in vitro </it>between transcripts from different HERV-W <it>env </it>elements. Re-analysis of published MSRV <it>env </it>sequences revealed that all of them can be explained as originating from genomic HERV-W <it>env </it>loci or recombinations among them. In particular, a MSRV <it>env </it>clone previously used for the generation of monoclonal antibody 6A2B2, detecting an antigen in MS brain lesions, appears to be derived from a HERV-W <it>env </it>locus on chromosome Xq22.3. This locus harbors a long open reading frame for an N-terminally truncated HERV-W Env protein.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data clarify the origin of MSRV <it>env </it>sequences, have important implications for the status of MSRV, and open the possibility that a protein encoded by a HERV-W <it>env </it>element on chromosome Xq22.3 may be expressed in MS brain lesions.</p

СОЦІАЛЬНА СПРАВЕДЛИВІСТЬ І СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО В УМОВАХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ

В умовах динамізації процесу соціалізації економіки на національному та наднаціональному рівні виникає необхідність формування нової парадигми дослідження закономірностей, факторів що впливають на функціонування економічної та господарської систем. Серед факторів, забеспечуючих конкурентні переваги національних економік в сучасних умовах особливе місце посідає соціальна справедливість і соціальне партнерство.In the conditions of dynamic process of socialization in economy there is the necessity to form a new research paradigm of conformities to the law at national and international level, considering factors that affect functioning of economic systems. Among such factors are social justice and social partnershi

Conifold geometries, topological strings and multi-matrix models

We study open B-model representing D-branes on 2-cycles of local Calabi--Yau geometries. To this end we work out a reduction technique linking D-branes partition functions and multi-matrix models in the case of conifold geometries so that the matrix potential is related to the complex moduli of the conifold. We study the geometric engineering of the multi-matrix models and focus on two-matrix models with bilinear couplings. We show how to solve this models in an exact way, without resorting to the customary saddle point/large N approximation. The method consists of solving the quantum equations of motion and using the flow equations of the underlying integrable hierarchy to derive explicit expressions for correlators. Finally we show how to incorporate in this formalism the description of several group of D-branes wrapped around different cycles.Comment: 35 pages, 5.3 and 6 revise

Stimulating effect of sclareol on suicidal death of human erythrocytes

Background/Aims: The diterpene alcohol Sclareol has been proposed for the treatment of malignancy. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter eryptosis, a suicidal cell death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Cellular mechanisms involved in the triggering of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress, ceramide, p38 kinase and casein kinase 1\u3b1. The present study explored, whether Sclareol induces eryptosis and, if so, shed light on the mechanisms involved. Methods: Phosphatidylserine abundance at the erythrocyte surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA)-dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance at the erythrocyte surface utilizing specific antibodies. Hemolysis was estimated from haemoglobin concentration in the supernatant. Results: A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to Sclareol ( 65 50 \u3bcM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells without significantly modifying the average forward scatter, DCF-fluorescence or ceramide abundance. Sclareol ( 65 50 \u3bcM) further triggered hemolysis. Sclareol (100 \u3bcM) significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, but the effect of Sclareol on annexin-V-binding was not significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Instead, the effect of Sclareol on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted in the presence of p38 kinase inhibitor skepinone (2 \u3bcM) and in the presence of casein kinase 1\u3b1 inhibitor D4476 (10 \u3bcM). Conclusions: Sclareol triggers phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect in part due to activation of p38 kinase and casein kinase 1\u3b1

CCR7 Is Recruited to the Immunological Synapse, Acts as Co-stimulatory Molecule and Drives LFA-1 Clustering for Efficient T Cell Adhesion Through ZAP70

The chemokine receptor CCR7 guides T cells and dendritic cells to and within lymph nodes to launch the onset of adaptive immunity. Here, we demonstrate that CCR7 in addition acts as a potent co-stimulatory molecule in T cell activation. We found that antigen recognition and engagement of the TCR results in CCR7 accumulation at the immunological synapse where CCR7 and the TCR co-localize within sub-synaptic vesicles. We demonstrate that CCR7 triggering alone is sufficient to recruit and activate ZAP70, a critical kinase for T cell activation, through Src kinase, whereas TCR CCR7 co-stimulation results in increased and prolonged ZAP70 kinase activity. Finally, we show that ZAP70, acting as adapter molecule, is critical for CCR7-mediated inside-out signaling to integrins, thereby modulating LFA-1 valency regulation to promote cell adhesion, a key step in immunological synapse formation and efficient T cell activation

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French vocabulary in Encore Tricolore: do pupils have a chance?

British learners acquire very little vocabulary in their foreign languages,compared to pupils elsewhere in Europe, particularly learners of English as aforeign language. Could the materials used for teaching help explain thisdifference? An analysis of the vocabulary loading of a textbook for French as aforeign language commonly used in Britain, Encore Tricolore (Mascie-Taylor andHonnor, 2001, Cheltenham, UK, Nelson Thornes), was carried out with thisquestion in mind. An analysis of the vocabulary suggests that it is not introducedand practised in a way that is conducive to building a sufficiently large vocabularyto reach level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference forLanguages (CEFR)